Association of cataract and sun exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: The CASE study. First Report of the ICMR-EYE SEE Study Group.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of cataract and its association with sun exposure and other environmental risk factors in three different geographically diverse populations of India. DESIGN: Population based cross sectional study during 2010-2016. PARTICIPANTS: People aged ≥ 40 years residing in randomly sampled villages were enumerated (12021) and 9735 (81%) underwent ophthalmic evaluation from plains, hilly and coastal regions (3595, 3231, 2909 respectively). METHODS: A detailed questionnaire-based interview about outdoor activity in present, past and remote past, usage of sun protective measures, exposure to smoke, and detailed ophthalmic examination including assessment of uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, lens opacities categorization using LOCS III and posterior segment evaluation was done. Lifetime effective sun exposure was calculated using Melbourne formula and expressed as quintiles. These were supplemented with physical environmental measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime sun exposure hours, smoking, indoor kitchen smoke exposure and their association with cataract and subtypes. Prevalence of cataract calculated based on lens opacities or evidence of cataract surgery. RESULTS: Cataract was identified in 3231 (33.3%) participants. Prevalence of cataract in males (32.3%) and females (34.1%) was similar. Nuclear cataract was the commonest sub-type identified in 94.7% of affected eyes. Sun exposure had a significant association with cataract with odds ratio (OR) increasing from 1.6 (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 1.4, 1.9) in 3rd quintile, to 2.6 (CI: 2.2, 3.1) in 4th quintile and 9.4 (CI: 7.9, 11.2) in 5th quintile (p<0.0001). Cataract also showed a significant association with smoking (OR: 1.4, CI: 1.2, 1.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (OR: 1.2, CI: 1.0-1.4). Nuclear cataract showed a positive association with increasing sun exposure in 3rd (β coefficient 0.5, CI:0.2-0.7), 4th (β: 0.9, CI: 0.7-1.1) and 5th (β: 2.1, CI:1.8-2.4) quintiles of sun exposure, smoking (β: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (β: 0.3, CI: 01-0.5) while cortical cataract showed a positive association with sun exposure only in 5th quintile (β: 2.6, CI:1.0-4.2). Posterior subcapsular cataract was not associated with any of the risk factors. CONCLUSION: Cataract is associated with increasing level of sun exposure, smoking and exposure to indoor kitchen smoke

Association of dry eye disease and sun exposure in geographically diverse adult (≥40 years) populations of India: The SEED (sun exposure, environment and dry eye disease) study - Second report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and determine risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) in geographically diverse regions of India. METHOD: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted on people aged ≥40 years in plain, hilly and coastal areas. Dry eye assessment by objective [tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I, corneal staining] and subjective [Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)] parameters was performed with questionnaire-based assessment of exposure to sunlight, cigarette smoke, indoor smoke. The prevalence of DED with age, sex, occupation, location, smoking, exposure to sunlight, indoor smoke, diabetes, hypertension, was subjected to logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 9,735 people (age 54.5 ± 0.1 years; range 40-99, males 45.5%) were included. The prevalence of DED was 26.2%, was higher in plains (41.3%) compared to hilly (24.0%) and coastal area (9.9%) (p < 0.001) and increased with age (p < 0.001), female gender (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), indoor smoke (p < 0.001), diabetes (p-0.02), hypertension (0.001), occupations with predominant outdoor activity (p-0.013) and increasing exposure to sunlight (trend). Multi-logistic regression showed a positive association with female sex (OR-1.2, CI-1.01, 1.4), exposure to indoor smoke (OR-1.3, CI-1.1, 1.5), smoking (OR-1.2; CI-1.03, 1.3), prolonged exposure to sunlight (OR-1.8, CI-1.5, 2.2), hypertension (OR 1.3, CI-1.2, 1.4), diabetes (OR-1.2, CI-1, 1.5) and negative association with region - hilly (OR-0.5, CI-0.4, 0.6) and coastal (OR-0.2; CI-0.1, 0.2), and BMI (OR-0.8, CI-0.7, 0.9). CONCLUSION: DED is common in population ≥40 years of age. Its prevalence is affected by extrinsic (geographic location, exposure to sunlight, smoking, indoor smoke) and intrinsic (age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, BMI) factors

<smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"><smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"> Traditionally used herbs in the preparation of rice-beer by the <i>Rabha</i><b> </b>tribe of Goalpara district, Assam<b></b> </smarttagtype></smarttagtype>

459-462 Rice-beer prepared at household level of the aboriginal communities of Assam is served to all irrespective of age and sex. Certain plant species are traditionally used by the Rabhas of Goalpara district of Assam for the preparation of rice-beer cakes as well as rice beer. Goalpara district of Assam is situated on the southern bank of the river Brahmaputra. Several villages of the district are the homeland of some Indo-Mongoloid tribes like the Bodos, Garos, Hajongs, Karbis, Rabhas, etc. Rice-beer accounts for a major portion of the daily caloric intake of these tribes. These tribes traditionally use certain herbs for the preparation of starter cake to be used in the making of alcoholic drink or rice-beer. Numerically, Rabhas are the most dominant tribe of the district. The study is aimed for the need of a detailed study on the curative properties of the herbs used by the Rabhas for the preparation of rice-beer cakes and rice-beer, which may provide better and beneficial remedies for many ailments. </smarttagtype

The association of sun exposure, ultraviolet radiation effects and other risk factors for pterygium (the SURE RISK for pterygium study) in geographically diverse adult (≥40 years) rural populations of India -3rd report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in geographically diverse regions of India. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional multicentric study was conducted in adults aged ≥40 years in plains, hilly and coastal regions of India. All participants underwent a detailed questionnaire-based assessment for sun exposure, usage of sun protective measures, exposure to indoor smoke, and smoking. Detailed ocular and systemic examinations were performed. Pterygium was diagnosed and graded clinically by slit-lamp examination. Association of pterygium with sociodemographic, ophthalmological, and systemic parameters was assessed. Physical environmental parameters for the study period were estimated. RESULTS: Of the 12,021 eligible subjects, 9735 (81% response rate) participated in the study. The prevalence of pterygium in any eye was 13.2% (95% CI: 12.5%-13.9%), and bilateral pterygium was 6.7% (95% CI: 6.2-7.2). The prevalence increased with age (<0.001) irrespective of sex and was highest in those aged 60-69 years (15.8%). The prevalence was highest in coastal (20.3%), followed by plains (11.2%) and hilly regions (9.1%). On multi-logistic regression, pterygium was positively associated with coastal location (P<0.001), illiteracy (P = 0.037), increasing lifetime sun exposure (P<0.001), and negatively associated with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Pterygium prevalence is high in the rural Indian population. The association of pterygium with several potentially modifiable risk factors reflects its multifactorial etiology and provides targets for preventive measures

Pseudohalide-Controlled Assemblies of Copper-Schiff Base Complexes with an Encapsulated Sodium Ion: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Computational Studies

Three new hetero-bimetallic coordination complexes [Na-(CuIIL1)2](ClO4)\ub70.5H2O (1), [Na(CuIIL2)2][CuI2(\u3bc1,3-NCS)3]n (2), and {[Na(CuIIL3)2](\u3bc1,5-dca)}n (3; dca = dicyanamide) have been synthesized by using different Schiff base ligands [e.g., L1H2 = N,N=-bis(3-methoxysalicylidenimino)-1,3-diaminopentane, L2H2 = N,N=-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidenimino)- 1,3-diaminopropane, and L3H2 = N,N=-bis(5-bromo-3-methoxysalicylidenimino)-1,3-diaminopropane] in the presence of pseudohalide coligands N3\u2013, SCN\u2013, and N(CN)2\u2013 (dca),respectively. The ligands and the complexes have been characterized by microanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. The structures of the complexes, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, show that in all cases a trinu-clear Na(CuIIL)2 unit is formed, but of different configurations. 1 does not include N3\u2013 anions. In contrast, in 2, SCN\u2013 extrudes partial in situ reduction of CuII to lead to the formation of an infinite [CuI 2(\u3bc1,3-NCS)3]n anionic chain; and in 3, N(CN)2\u2013 bridges the metal\u2013ligand assemblies to form a 1D polymeric chain. ESI-MS, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were performed to investigate the solution-state behavior of the complexes. Theoretical calculations of the optimized geometries of the complexes were carried out at the BLYP/DNP level to determine their relative stabilities from the HOMO\u2013LUMO gap and chemical softness values

ICMR_Pterygium_Study_Data.csv

This dataset is from the ICMR EYE SEE study group on determination and comparing the prevalence of ocular diseases like cataract, dry eye and pterygium in multicentric geographically diverse locations of India including populations from plains, hilly and coastal areas. The study also explored the interplay of risk factors including UV radiation, environmental factors, smoking, use of bio-mass fuels etc. in ther pathogenesis

Association of cataract and sun exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: the case study. first report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of cataract and its association with sun exposure and other environmental risk factors in three different geographically diverse populations of India. Design: Population based cross sectional study during 2010-2016 Participants: People aged > 40 years residing in randomly sampled villages were enumerated (12021) and 9735 (81%) underwent ophthalmic evaluation from plains, hilly and coastal regions (3595, 3231, 2909 respectively) Methods: A detailed questionnaire-based interview about outdoor activity in present, past and remote past, usage of sun protective measures, exposure to smoke, and detailed ophthalmic examination including assessment of uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, lens opacities categorization using LOCS III and posterior segment evaluation was done. Lifetime effective sun exposure was calculated using Melbourne formula and expressed as quantiles. These were supplemented with physical environmental measurements. Main outcome measures: Lifetime sun exposure hours, smoking, indoor kitchen smoke exposure and their association with cataract and subtypes. Prevalence of cataract calculated based on lens opacities or evidence of cataract surgery. Results: Cataract was identified in 3231 (33.3%) participants. Prevalence of cataract in males (32.3%) and females (34.1%) was similar. Nuclear cataract was the commonest sub-type identified in 94.7% of affected eyes. Sun exposure had a significant association with cataract with odds ratio (OR) increasing from 1.6 (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 1.4, 1.9) in 3rd quantile, to 2.6 (CI: 2.2, 3.1) in 4th quantile and 9.4 (CI: 7.9, 11.2) in 5th quantile (p<0.0001). Cataract also showed a significant association with smoking (OR: 1.4, CI: 1.2, 1.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (OR: 1.2, CI: 1.0-1.4). Nuclear cataract showed a positive association with increasing sun exposure in 3rd (β coefficient 0.5, CI:0.2-0.7), 4th (β: 0.9, CI: 0.7-1.1) and 5th (β: 2.1, CI:1.8-2.4) quantiles of sun exposure, smoking (β: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (β: 0.3, CI: 01-0.5) while cortical cataract showed a positive association with sun exposure only in 5th quantile (β: 2.6, CI:1.0-4.2). Posterior subcapsular cataract was not associated with any of the risk factors. Conclusion: Cataract is associated with increasing level of sun exposure, smoking and exposure to indoor kitchen smoke