The measure mix matters: multiple-component plant protection is indispensable for coping with the enormous genome plasticity and mutation rates in pathogenic microorganisms

Efficient plant protection is of fundamental importance in order to warrant food security. Here, we present arguments that a coordinate approach in plant protection is urgently required, taking advantage of a broad mix of measures, including modern synthetic chemistries, capable of protecting plants from adverse organisms

Correction to: The measure mix matters: multiple-component plant protection is indispensable for coping with the enormous genome plasticity and mutation rates in pathogenic microorganisms (Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, (2021), 128, 1, (3-6), 10.1007/s41348-020-00404-z)

In the original publication of the article, the first author name is incorrectly published as “Ely Oliceira-Garcia” but the correct name should read as “Ely Oliveira-Garcia”. This has been corrected in this paper

Metabolic re-programming in confrontations of Colletotrichum graminicola and Aspergillus nidulans with Bacillus biocontrol agents

We established confrontations between two different fungi, i.e., the maize anthracnose and stalk rot pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, and the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, and different biocontrol species, i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In all fungus–bacterium confrontations tested, growth arrest and, thus, distance inhibition was observed on solid substrata. LC–MS/MS analyses of culture filtrates suggested formation of several metabolites only synthesized in confrontations. Interestingly, microscopy of fungal hyphae grown in liquid medium showed protrusions and color changes occurred only in media harboring fungus-bacterium confrontations. These observations indicate metabolic re-programming and suggest formation of putative secondary metabolites in interactions involving microbial biocontrol agents

Inhibition of Efflux Transporter-Mediated Fungicide Resistance in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis by a Derivative of 4′-Hydroxyflavone and Enhancement of Fungicide Activity

Populations of the causal agent of wheat tan spot, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, that are collected from fields frequently treated with reduced fungicide concentrations have reduced sensitivity to strobilurin fungicides and azole fungicides (C(14)-demethylase inhibitors). Energy-dependent efflux transporter activity can be induced under field conditions and after in vitro application of sublethal amounts of fungicides. Efflux transporters can mediate cross-resistance to a number of fungicides that belong to different chemical classes and have different modes of action. Resistant isolates can grow on substrata amended with fungicides and can infect plants treated with fungicides at levels above recommended field concentrations. We identified the hydroxyflavone derivative 2-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-chromen-4-one as a potent inhibitor of energy-dependent fungicide efflux transporters in P. tritici-repentis. Application of this compound in combination with fungicides shifted fungicide-resistant P. tritici-repentis isolates back to normal sensitivity levels and prevented infection of wheat leaves. These results highlight the role of energy-dependent efflux transporters in fungicide resistance and could enable a novel disease management strategy based on the inhibition of fungicide efflux to be developed

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis genes GPI12, GAA1, and GPI8 are essential for cell-wall integrity and pathogenicity of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is one of the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins in eukaryotic cells and is important for associating proteins with the cell surface. In fungi, GPI-anchored proteins play essential roles in cross-linking of β-glucan cell-wall polymers and cell-wall rigidity. GPI-anchor synthesis is successively performed at the cytoplasmic and the luminal face of the ER membrane and involves approximately 25 proteins. While mutagenesis of auxiliary genes of this pathway suggested roles of GPI-anchored proteins in hyphal growth and virulence, essential genes of this pathway have not been characterized. Taking advantage of RNA interference (RNAi) we analyzed the function of the three essential genes GPI12, GAA1 and GPI8, encoding a cytoplasmic N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase, a metallo-peptide-synthetase and a cystein protease, the latter two representing catalytic components of the GPI transamidase complex. RNAi strains showed drastic cell-wall defects, resulting in exploding infection cells on the plant surface and severe distortion of in planta-differentiated infection hyphae, including formation of intrahyphal hyphae. Reduction of transcript abundance of the genes analyzed resulted in nonpathogenicity. We show here for the first time that the GPI synthesis genes GPI12, GAA1, and GPI8 are indispensable for vegetative development and pathogenicity of the causal agent of maize anthracnose, Colletotrichum graminicola

Treatment of a Clinically Relevant Plant-Pathogenic Fungus with an Agricultural Azole Causes Cross-Resistance to Medical Azoles and Potentiates Caspofungin Efficacy▿ †

Azoles are extensively applied in agriculture and medicine, and a relationship between the development of azole resistance in agriculture and the development of azole resistance in clinical practice may exist. The maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, causing cutaneous mycosis and keratitis, has been used to investigate the acquisition of resistance to an agricultural azole and the resulting cross-resistance to various medical antifungal agents. Azole-adapted strains were less sensitive to all azoles tested but showed increased sensitivity to caspofungin, amphotericin B, and nystatin. Viability staining and infection assays with excised human skin confirmed these data

Mecanismos e significância da resistência a fungicidas

In this review article, we show that occurrence of fungicide resistance is one of the most important issues in modern agriculture. Fungicide resistance may be due to mutations of genes encoding fungicide targets (qualitative fungicide resistance) or to different mechanisms that are induced by sub-lethal fungicide stress. These mechanisms result in different and varying levels of resistance (quantitative fungicide resistance). We discuss whether or not extensive use of fungicides in agricultural environments is related to the occurrence of fungicide resistance in clinical environments. Furthermore, we provide recommendations of how development of fungicide resistant pathogen populations may be prevented or delayed.A ocorrência de resistência a fungicidas é uma das mais importantes conseqüências da agricultura moderna. Este fato pode ser resultado de mutações em genes codificadores de resistência a fungicidas (resistência quantitativa) ou a diferentes mecanismos que são induzidos por stresse devido a doses subletais dos produtos utilizados. Estes mecanismos produzem diferentes e variados níveis de resistência (resistência quantitativa). Também é discutido se o uso extensivo de fungicidas em ambientes agricultáveis é relacionado ou não com a ocorrência de resistência em ambientes clínicos. Além disso, também são fornecidas recomendações de como prevenir ou mesmo retardar o desenvolvimento de resistência a fungicidas em patógenos.H.B.D'sDFG - Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftCNP