Potencial produtivo e qualidade de pitaia com fertilização nitrogenada

The objective of this work was to determine adequate rates of nitrogen to reach satisfactory yield, fruit quality, and cladode nutrient content in three species of pitaya. The experimental design was carried out in randomized complete blocks, with a 3×4 factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of the following pitaya species and N rates: Selenicereus megalanthus, Hylocereus undatus, and Hylocereus polyrhizus; and 0, 50, 100, and 200 g N per plant, in the first production cycle (2016/2017 crop season) and 50, 100, 200, and 300 g N per plant, in the second and third production cycles (2017/2018 and 2018/2019 crop seasons). Nitrogen fertilization increased the yield, fruit quality, and cladode nutrient content of the species. In the third production cycle, yield was 1.18 Mg ha-1 for S. megalanthus, 10.87 Mg ha-1 for H. undatus, and 10.4 Mg ha-1 for H. polyrhizus in open pollination. The highest yield is obtained with 300 g N per plant for S. megalanthus. For H. polyrhizus and H. undatus the rates are from 170 to 190 g N per plant, supplemented with P and K.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar doses adequadas de nitrogênio para alcançar produtividade, qualidade das frutas e teor de nutrientes satisfatórios em cladódios de três espécies de pitaia. O delineamento experimental foi feito em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 3×4. Os tratamentos consistiram das seguintes espécies de pitaia e doses de N: Selenicereus megalanthus, Hylocereus undatus e Hylocereus polyrhizus; e 0, 50, 100 e 200 g de N por planta, no primeiro ciclo de produção (safra 2016/2017) e 50, 100, 200 e 300 g de N por planta, no segundo e terceiro ciclos de produção (safras 2017/2018 e 2018/2019). A fertilização com N aumentou a produtividade, a qualidade das frutas e o teor de nutrientes nos cladódios das espécies. No terceiro ciclo de produção, a produtividade foi de 1,18 Mg ha-1 para S. megalanthus, 10,87 Mg ha-1 para H. undatus e 10,4 Mg ha-1 para H. polyrhizus em polinização aberta. A maior produtividade é obtida com 300 g de N por planta para S. megalanthus. Para H. polyrhizus e H. undatus, as doses são de 170 a 190 g de N por planta, complementadas com P e K

Increase of nutrients export and production of pitaya whit potassium fertilization

Characterization works of pitayas show that the potassium (K) is the nutrient most exported, thus, influences in the productivity and quality of this fruit. However, these researches do not report the nutrients export by pitaya's associating the fertilization carried out in the orchard, information that is relevant to make the nutrients reposition adequate at the time of fertilization. The research was carried out to evaluate the supply of K2O in the export of nutrients and productivity of the Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus pitaya species. The analysis was carried out in the mature fruits harvested in two harvests. Potassium fertilization was performed at doses of 0; 50; 100 and 200 g of K2O per plant. Nutrient export per ton of fruit was calculated from the determination of the nutrient levels and the dry matter of the pitaya pulp. The export of nutrients by the pitaya of the species H. undatus and H. polyrhizus occurs in the following order: K>N>P>Ca>Mg> and Mn>Fe>Cu>Zn>B. These species of pitaya have similar nutritional requirements, enabling them to be receive same fertilization management. The amount of nutrients exported was higher in plants fertilized with potassium due to the higher productivity achieved. Orchards of pitaya that reach high productivity require a greater quantity of nutrients, due to the increase export by the fruits.Characterization works of pitayas show that the potassium (K) is the nutrient most exported, thus, influences in the productivity and quality of this fruit. However, these researches do not report the nutrients export by pitaya's associating the fertilization carried out in the orchard, information that is relevant to make the nutrients reposition adequate at the time of fertilization. The research was carried out to evaluate the supply of K2O in the export of nutrients and productivity of the Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus pitaya species. The analysis was carried out in the mature fruits harvested in two harvests. Potassium fertilization was performed at doses of 0; 50; 100 and 200 g of K2O per plant. Nutrient export per ton of fruit was calculated from the determination of the nutrient levels and the dry matter of the pitaya pulp. The export of nutrients by the pitaya of the species H. undatus and H. polyrhizus occurs in the following order: K>N>P>Ca>Mg> and Mn>Fe>Cu>Zn>B. These species of pitaya have similar nutritional requirements, enabling them to be receive same fertilization management. The amount of nutrients exported was higher in plants fertilized with potassium due to the higher productivity achieved. Orchards of pitaya that reach high productivity require a greater quantity of nutrients, due to the increase export by the fruits

Commercial productivity and quality of pitaya as a function of number of fruits per cladode

ABSTRACT Increasing orchard productivity is among the main objectives of pitaya producers. However, the commercial productivity may reduce due to reduction of fruit size as a function of the high amount per plant. This study evaluated the influence of the number of fruit per cladode in commercial productivity and in quality of fruits of two pitaya species at different harvest times. The experiment was carried out in a six-year-old orchard formed by the species Selenicereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus. At each flowering time, the number of fruits set per cladode was counted and plants with two, four, five and six fruits per cladode were selected, and surplus fruits removed. The evaluations followed a split plot design over time, with the main plot as the number of fruit per cladode and the subplot as the harvest seasons: December, February and March, with four replicates and one plant per plot. Plants grown with two fruits per cladode presented the highest percentage of fruits with commercial size and commercial productivity. Both species showed fruits with commercial size in the first harvest of the cycle (December). S. undatus fruits classified as Class I and H. polyrhizus fruits classified as Extra and Class I showed the best quality

Overcoming dormancy in seeds of Bixa orellana L.

Annatto seeds, Bixa orellana L., have dormancy mechanisms that make their germination difficult, requiring testing of different methods to enable their reproduction. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the emergence of Bixa orellana seeds submitted to solutions and periods of imbibition to overcome dormancy. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 4×2 factorial arrangement. The evaluated seeds were from the red Piave cultivar, with a solution of distilled water and gibberellic acid (GA3) at a concentration of 125 mg L-1 in the imbibition periods of 0, 4, 10, and 24 hours. Emergence test, shoot height, stem diameter, root length, shoot, and root dry matter, and Dickson's quality index was evaluated. The solutions did not interfere with the development of the plants in the periods. It was concluded that annatto seeds in a GA3 solution for a period of 24 hours are efficient for overcoming dormancy

PLANTAS TÓXICAS PARA BOVINOS EM MINAS GERAIS

Toxic plants cause important economic damage to livestock in several regions of Brazil, even causing the death of animals. Little information is available about plant poisoning in cattle in the State of Minas Gerais. The systematic study of toxic species in regions with little research considerably increases the data on toxic plants of livestock interest. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of toxic plants for cattle in rural properties in the municipality of São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais. Twenty rural properties in the municipality were visited at random. Three forms were applied to rural producers in the form of an interview. The information obtained through the forms were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Soil samples were collected to analyze the chemical characteristics of the incident site of the toxic plant. The incidence of toxic plants for cattle affects 55% of rural properties and in 60% of properties there is a history of cases of intoxication in cattle. Six species of toxic plants affect the pastures of rural properties, being Pteridium aquilinum, Palicourea marcgravii, Lantana camara, Asclepias curassavica, Ricinus communis and Palicourea grandiflora. The species Pyrostegia venusta has been reported as a toxic plant for cattle. Palicourea marcgravii is associated with the highest number of cattle deaths in the municipality. Toxic plant species the capacity to establish themselves in conditions of soil acidity and low fertility, and in well-managed pastures with good fertility.As plantas tóxicas causam grandes prejuízos econômicos para a pecuária em diversas regiões do Brasil, provocando, até mesmo, a morte de animais. Poucas são as informações disponíveis sobre as intoxicações por plantas em bovinos, no estado de Minas Gerais. O estudo sistemático das espécies tóxicas, em regiões com poucas pesquisas, aumenta, consideravelmente, os dados sobre plantas tóxicas de interesse pecuário. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento das plantas tóxicas para bovinos nas propriedades rurais do município de São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais. Para isso, foram visitadas, aleatoriamente, 20 propriedades rurais do município e três formulários foram aplicados aos produtores rurais, sob a forma de entrevista, sendo que as informações obtidas, por meio dos formulários, foram analisadas quanti e qualitativamente. Também, foram coletadas amostras de solos para análise das características químicas do local incidente da planta tóxica. Com a análise, observou-se que a incidência de plantas tóxicas para bovinos atinge 55% das propriedades rurais e em 60% das propriedades há histórico de casos de intoxicação em bovinos. Seis espécies de plantas tóxicas incidem nas pastagens das propriedades rurais, a Pteridium aquilinum, a Palicourea marcgravii, a Lantana camara, a Asclepias curassavica, a Ricinus communis e a Palicourea grandiflora. A espécie Pyrostegia venusta foi relatada como planta tóxica para bovinos e a P. marcgravii associada à maior quantidade de mortes de bovinos no município. Observou-se também, que as espécies de plantas tóxicas possuem a capacidade de desenvolvimento em condições de acidez do solo e de baixa fertilidade e em pastagens bem manejadas com boa fertilidade

Nitrogen fertilization in the production of pitaya

?rea de concentra??o: Produ??o Vegetal.O manejo da fertiliza??o nos pomares de pitaia no Brasil ? feito, basicamente, utilizando-se fontes org?nicas, por n?o haver informa??es sobre a fertiliza??o mineral adequada para o crescimento e a produ??o da esp?cie, o que tem ocasionado varia??o na produtividade dos pomares. Dessa forma, pesquisas relacionadas ? fertiliza??o mineral s?o essenciais para subsidiar a adequa??o do manejo nas condi??es edafoclim?ticas brasileiras. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a fertiliza??o nitrogenada sobre a produtividade, as caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas das frutas e os teores de nutrientes nos clad?dios nas esp?cies Selenicereus megalanthus, Hylocereus undatus e Hylocereus polyrhizus. O experimento foi conduzido em condi??es seguindo o arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, em blocos casualizados. Os fatores foram tr?s esp?cies de pitaia e quatro doses de N, 0, 50, 100 e 200 g por planta, no segundo ano ap?s o plantio, e 50, 100, 200 e 300 g por planta, no terceiro ano ap?s o plantio, com quatro blocos e tr?s plantas por parcela. A fertiliza??o nitrogenada proporcionou aumento da produtividade das esp?cies S. megalanthus, H. undatus e H. polyrhizus. A fertiliza??o nitrogenada deve ser realizada de acordo com a idade do pomar, considerando a produtividade alcan?ada. O aumento da produtividade comercial no terceiro ano ap?s o plantio, nas esp?cies S. megalanthus e H. polyrhizus, ocorreu com a aplica??o de 300 g de N por planta e, para a esp?cie H. undatus, com a aplica??o de 250 g de N por planta. O aumento da fertiliza??o nitrogenada proporcionou melhoria na qualidade das pitaias, que alcan?aram maior tamanho, sem alterar o sabor. Os teores de nutrientes nos clad?dios aumentaram com a fertiliza??o nitrogenada e a disponibilidade no solo. Os atributos qu?micos do solo devem ser monitorados para corrigir as defici?ncias e assegurar a disponibiliza??o de nutrientes para as plantas, pois, com o manejo adequado da fertiliza??o nitrogenada, a demanda das plantas por nutrientes aumenta.Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018.The management of the fertilization in the pitaya orchards in Brazil is done, basically, using organic sources, because there is no information about the adequate mineral fertilization for the growth and production, which has caused variation in the orchards productivity. Thus, research related to mineral fertilization is essential to subsidize the adequacy of the management in Brazilian soil and climatic conditions. In this sense, the research was carried out with the objective of evaluating the nitrogen fertilization on productivity, physicochemical characteristics of fruits and nutrient concentration in cladodes in the species Selenicereus megalanthus, Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus. The experiment was conducted under field conditions following the 3 x 4 factorial schem, in randomized blocks. The factors were three species of pitaya and four doses of N, 0, 50, 100 and 200 g per plant in the second year after planting, and 50, 100, 200 and 300 g per plant, in the third year after planting, with four blocks and three plants per plot. Nitrogen fertilization provided an increase in productivity of the species S. megalanthus, H. undatus and H. polyrhizus. Nitrogen fertilization should be performed according to the age of the orchard, considering the productivity achieved. The increase in commercial productivity in the third year after planting in the species S. megalanthus and H. polyrhizus occurred with the application of 300 g of N per plant and, for the H. undatus, with the application of 250 g of N per plant. Increased nitrogen fertilization provided an improvement in the pitaya quality, which reached bigger size, without changing the flavor. Nutrient concentrations in cladodes increased with nitrogen fertilization and soil availability. The chemical attributes of the soil should be monitored to correct the deficiencies and ensure the availability of nutrients to the plants, because, with the proper management of nitrogen fertilization, the demand of the plants by nutrients increases

Liming, fertilization and pollination in pitaya cultivation

O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C?digo de Financiamento 001.Informa??es relacionadas ? calagem, fertiliza??o e poliniza??o no cultivo de esp?cies de pitaia contribuem para o aumento da produtividade, da qualidade das frutas e da rentabilidade dos pomares. Assim, este trabalho foi desenvolvido para contribuir com essas informa??es, que s?o relevantes para os produtores e pesquisadores e os resultados da pesquisa apresentados em tr?s artigos cient?ficos. No primeiro artigo, o objetivo foi avaliar a calagem e a fertiliza??o NPK na produtividade, os teores de P, K, Ca e Mg no solo e de N, P e K nos clad?dios de Hylocereus polyrhizus, em duas safras consecutivas. No primeiro ciclo de produ??o o incremento foi de 312% e, no segundo ciclo, de 185% na produtividade, com calagem e fertiliza??es de 303 e 166 kg ha-? de N, 106 e 96 kg ha-? de P2O5 e 237 e 175 kg ha-? de K2O, alcan?ando produtividade de 10,8 e 16,1 Mg ha-?. Com o manejo da calagem e fertiliza??es NPK foi poss?vel a corre??o de pH do solo (6,5), eleva??o da satura??o por bases a 65%, o requerimento de Ca e Mg para 3,1 cmolc dm-? e aumentar os teores de P para 64 a 165 mg dm-? e de K para 646 a 623 mg dm-?, no solo e para 10 a 12 g kg-? o N, 1,32 a 2,35 g kg-? o P e 40 a 52 g kg-? o K, nos clad?dios. A realiza??o de calagem em solos ?cidos ad?qua as caracter?sticas qu?micas do solo para o cultivo de esp?cies de pitaia. A fertiliza??o NPK em solo com baixos teores de nutrientes e mat?ria org?nica aumenta a produtividade de pomar de pitaia. No segundo artigo, o objetivo foi avaliar a exporta??o de nutrientes e a qualidade das frutas de H. polyrhizus em fun??o da fertiliza??o NPK e da calagem no solo. As quantidades de nutrientes exportados por tonelada de frutas de H. polyrhizus foram: de K, 12,65 kg; de N, 3,24 kg; de Ca, 1,53 kg; de P, 0,54 kg; de Mg, 0,33 kg; de Mn, 166,0 g; de Fe, 12,67 g e de Zn 3,49 g, com a realiza??o de calagem no solo. A ordem de exporta??o de nutrientes pelas pitaias difere na casca e polpa, sendo, na casca, K>N>Ca>Mn>P>Mg>Fe>Zn e, na polpa, K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Mn>Fe>Zn. A calagem aumenta a quantidade de nutrientes exportados para as frutas, principalmente Ca, P e Mg na casca. A fertiliza??o com K2O melhora a qualidade das frutas nos pomares de pitaia. A calagem e a fertiliza??o NPK devem ser realizadas no cultivo de pitaia para adequar os teores de nutrientes no solo visando repor os nutrientes exportados pelas colheitas das frutas. No terceiro artigo, o objetivo foi comparar a rentabilidade do pomar de pitaia com o manejo da poliniza??o cruzada manual e a poliniza??o natural em esp?cies autocompat?veis e autoincompat?veis. O manejo da poliniza??o cruzada manual no pomar de pitaia incrementou a produtividade em mais de 150%, desde o primeiro ciclo de produ??o. A poliniza??o cruzada manual possibilitou o retorno do capital investido em 1,0 hectare de pitaia, no segundo ciclo produtivo do pomar, com rentabilidade de 76%. Com a poliniza??o natural, o retorno do investimento inicial ocorreu no terceiro ciclo produtivo, com rentabilidade de 72%. A rentabilidade do pomar de pitaia ? maior com a poliniza??o cruzada manual em esp?cies autocompat?veis e autoincompat?veis em rela??o ? poliniza??o natural. O cultivo de esp?cies de pitaia em ?reas que apresentam solo ?cido e baixos teores de nutrientes, ? necess?rio o manejo da calagem, aliado a fertiliza??o adequada com NPK, para a produ??o de pitaias com qualidade comercial e o aumento de produtividade dos pomares. Esp?cies de pitaia autocompat?veis e autoincompat?veis alcan?am maior produtividade quando polinizadas manualmente e, mesmo que o custo de produ??o seja maior com esse manejo, a rentabilidade ? maior em rela??o a pomares com poliniza??o natural, devido a produ??o de frutas com maior tamanho e uniformidade, al?m de mais frutas por planta.Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2023.Information related to liming, fertilization and pollination in the cultivation of pitaya species contributes to increasing productivity, fruit quality and orchard profitability. Thus, this work was developed to contribute with this information, which is relevant to producers and researchers and the research results presented in three scientific articles. In the first article, the objective was to evaluate liming and NPK fertilization on productivity, P, K Ca and Mg contents in the soil and N, P and K in the cladodes of Hylocereus polyrhizus, in two consecutive harvests. In the first production cycle, the increase was 312% and, in the second cycle, 185% in productivity, with liming and fertilizations of 303 and 166 kg ha-? of N, 106 and 96 kg ha-? of P2O5 and 237 and 175 kg ha-? of K2O, reaching productivity of 10.8 and 16.1 Mg ha-?. With liming management and NPK fertilization it was possible to correct the soil pH (6.5), increase the base saturation to 65%, the Ca and Mg requirement to 3.1 cmolc dm-? and increase the contents of P for 64 to 165 mg dm-? and K for 646 to 623 mg dm-?, in the soil and for 10 to 12 g kg-? N; 1.32 to 2.35g kg-? P and 40 to 52 g kg-? K, in cladodes. The performance of liming in acid soils adjusts the chemical characteristics of the soil for the cultivation of pitaya species. NPK fertilization in soil with low contents of nutrients and organic matter increases the productivity of pitaya orchard. In the second article, the objective was to evaluate the nutrient export and fruit quality of H. polyrhizus as a function of NPK fertilization and liming in the soil. The amounts of nutrients exported per ton of H. polyrhizus fruits were: from K, 12.65 kg; of N, 3.24 kg; of Ca, 1.53 kg; of P, 0.54 kg; of Mg, 0.33 kg; of Mn, 166.0 g; of Fe, 12.67 g and of Zn, 3.49 g, with liming in the soil. The order of nutrients exported by pitaya differs in the peel and pulp, being K>N>Ca>Mn>P>Mg>Fe>Zn in the peel and K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Mn>Fe>Zn in the pulp. Liming increases the amount of nutrients exported to fruits, mainly Ca, P and Mg in the peel. K2O fertilization improves fruit quality in pitaya orchards. Liming and NPK fertilization should be carried out in pitaya cultivation to adjust the nutrient contents in the soil in order to replace the nutrients exported by fruit harvests. In the third article, the objective was to compare the profitability of the pitaya orchard with the management of manual cross-pollination and natural pollination in self-compatible and selfin-compatible species. The management of manual cross-pollination in the pitaya orchard increased productivity by more than 150%, from the first production cycle. Manual cross-pollination made it possible to return the capital invested in 1.0 hectare of pitaya, in the second production cycle of the orchard, with a return of 76%. With natural pollination, the return on the initial investment occurred in the third production cycle, with a return of 72%. The profitability of the pitaya orchard is higher with manual cross-pollination in self-compatible and self-incompatible species compared to natural pollination. The cultivation of pitaya species in areas with acidic soil and low contents of nutrients requires liming management, combined with adequate fertilization with NPK, to produce pitayas with commercial quality and increase productivity in orchards. Self-compatible and self-incompatible pitaya species achieve greater productivity when pollinated manually and, even if the production cost is higher with this management, the profitability is higher in relation to orchards with natural pollination, due to the production of fruits with greater size and uniformity, in addition to of more fruits per plant

Poda, sistema de condução e condições climáticas para o cultivo perene de fisalis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pruning and training system type on the agronomic performance of the perennial cultivation of physalis (Physalis peruviana), in high-altitude tropical and humid temperate regions in Southeastern Brazil. The experiments were carried out in the municipalities of Diamantina (humid temperate climate) and Couto de Magalhães de Minas (high-altitude tropical climate), both in the state of Minas Gerais, in two cycles (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). In the first cycle, two types of training system were evaluated, one with formation pruning to define the number of stems for espalier training and the other free (without pruning and espalier). In the second cycle, renewal pruning was evaluated in each training system. Physalis cultivation in regions with humid temperate climate and mild temperatures favors high yields and large fruits. The training system in espalier with formation pruning facilitates plant management and increases productivity. The viability of the perennial cultivation of physalis varies according to the climatic conditions of the cultivation site and to the training system adopted.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da poda e do tipo de sistema de condução sobre o desempenho agronômico do cultivo perene de fisalis (Physalis peruviana), em regiões de clima tropical de altitude e temperado úmido no Sudeste brasileiro. Os experimentos foram realizados nos municípios de Diamantina (clima temperado úmido) e Couto de Magalhães de Minas (clima tropical de altitude), ambos no estado de Minas Gerais, em dois ciclos (2017/2018 e 2018/2019). No primeiro ciclo, foram avaliados dois tipos de sistema de condução, um com poda de formação para definir o número de hastes para condução em espaldeira e outro livre (sem poda e espaldeira). No segundo ciclo, avaliou-se a poda de renovação em cada sistema de condução. O cultivo de fisalis em regiões de clima temperado úmido, com temperaturas amenas, favorece produções altas e frutos grandes. O sistema de condução em espaldeira com poda de formação facilita o manejo das plantas e aumenta a produtividade. A viabilidade do cultivo perene de fisalis varia de acordo com as condições climáticas do local de cultivo e o sistema de condução adotado