Causalità e colpa nella responsabilità penale nei reati di infortunio e malattia professionale

Il saggio approfondisce i profili dell’accertamento del nesso causale e della colpa nella responsabilità penale derivante da infortunio e malattia professionale, con particolare riguardo all’elaborazione giurisprudenziale sviluppatasi in tema di esposizione alle polveri di amianto, in ragione del valore emblematico ormai assunto da tale vicenda in ogni riflessione sul c.d. “diritto penale del rischio”. Le pronunce della giurisprudenza in una materia nella quale le acquisizioni della letteratura scientifica risultano non sorrette dall’unanime consenso degli stessi studiosi rappresentano, infatti, un osservatorio privilegiato degli sviluppi più recenti del dibattito intorno ai temi della causalità e della colpa, e sono destinate ad incidere profondamente sugli esiti giudiziari in tutte quelle situazioni in cui emergano possibili fattori dannosi per la salute ancora non compiutamente accertati o non completamente sostenuti da sicure evidenze scientifiche. The essay analyzes the profiles of investigation of the causation and the guilt in the criminal liability arising out of accident at work and occupational disease, with particular regard to the case law developed about the exposure to the asbestos dust, because of the emblematic value acquired by this jurisprudence in every reflection on the “Criminal Law of the risk”. The decisions of the Court, in a matter in which the acquisitions of the scientific literature are not supported by the unanimous agreement of the scholars, are indeed a favored observatory of the more recent developments of the discussion about the issues of causality and guilt and they are intended to have a bearing on the trials in all those situations in which there are factors that may cause adverse health effects still not fully verified or not fully supported by sure scientific evidence. Parole chiave: salute e sicurezza sul lavoro, malattie professionali, amianto, nesso causale, colpa  Keywords: health and safety at work, occupational diseases, asbestos, causation, guil

Augmented reality (AR) in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) training: where are we now in Italy? The Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery (SICE) ARMIS survey

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is a widespread approach in general surgery. Computer guiding software, such as the augmented reality (AR), the virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR), has been proposed to help surgeons during MIS. This study aims to report these technologies' current knowledge and diffusion during surgical training in Italy. A web-based survey was developed under the aegis of the Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery (SICE). Two hundred and seventeen medical doctors' answers were analyzed. Participants were surgeons (138, 63.6%) and residents in surgery (79, 36.4%). The mean knowledge of the role of the VR, AR and MR in surgery was 4.9 ± 2.4 (range 1-10). Most of the participants (122, 56.2%) did not have experience with any proposed technologies. However, although the lack of experience in this field, the answers about the functioning of the technologies were correct in most cases. Most of the participants answered that VR, AR and MR should be used more frequently for the teaching and training and during the clinical activity (170, 80.3%) and that such technologies would make a significant contribution, especially in training (183, 84.3%) and didactic (156, 71.9%). Finally, the main limitations to the diffusion of these technologies were the insufficient knowledge (182, 83.9%) and costs (175, 80.6%). Based on the present study, in Italy, the knowledge and dissemination of these technologies are still limited. Further studies are required to establish the usefulness of AR, VR and MR in surgical training