Водной Дипломатии в Бассейне Аральского Моря

While there is potential for conflict in Central Asia over water resources, due to the lack of full implementation of agreed arrangements, there is still very little chance of armed confrontation between countries in the region. In spite of occasional tensions, countries in the region cooperate with each other through international mediation and resolve their disagreements. However, after two decades of international efforts to revitalize the Aral Sea and implement changes to stabilize the ecological situation in the area, the problems of drying this important sea as a major drainage in the Central Asian region, and it does not seem that a proper and applicable solution in the near future in order to end the crisis. The five Central Asian leaders agree on the close proximity of the Aral Sea's drying due to overuse and water losses that enter the sea through the two main rivers of “Amu Darya” and “Syr Darya”. These leaders are also aware of the catastrophic consequences of the living and health conditions of about 40 million inhabitants of the coastal area of the Sea. But the political and personal disputes between these leaders will put an end to these negotiations. Also, given that Iran and Afghanistan are common with Central Asian countries in the Aral Sea basin, these countries are also required to be present in the water talks. In order to reply to the main question of how the level of water diplomacy can be promoted in the Aral basin, the authors believe that “Participation of all stakeholders in water talks”, “More active role by international organizations”, “Review of inappropriate water plans” and “Use of new water resources” in the Aral Sea basin, can settle water disputes through dialogue in the framework of water diplomacy.Si bien existe el potencial del conflicto en Asia Central por los recursos hídricos, debido a falta de implementación completa de los acuerdos acordados, todavía hay muy pocas posibilidades de confrontación armada entre los países de esa región. A pesar de las tensiones ocasionales, los países de la región cooperan entre sí a través de la mediación internacional y resuelven sus desacuerdos. Sin embargo, después de dos décadas de esfuerzos internacionales para revitalizar la Mar de Aral e implementar cambios para estabilizar la situación ecológica en el área, los problemas de secar este importante mar como un drenaje importante en la región de Asia Central, no parecen ser un adecuado y solución aplicable en el futuro cercano para poner fin a la crisis. Los cinco líderes de Asia Central coinciden en la proximidad de la desecación del mar de Aral debido al utilizo excesivo y las pérdidas del agua que ingresaran al mar a través de los dos ríos principales "Amu Darya" y "Syr Darya". Estos líderes también son conscientes de las consecuencias catastróficas de las condiciones de vida y salud de unos 40 millones de habitantes de la zona costera del mar. Pero las disputas políticas y personales entre estos líderes pondrán fin a estas negociaciones. Además, dado que Irán y Afganistán son comunes en la cuenca del mar de Aral con los países de Asia Central, estos países también deben estar presentes en las conversaciones sobre el agua. Para responder a la pregunta principal de cómo se puede promover el nivel de diplomacia del agua en la cuenca del Aral, los autores creen que "Participación de todas las partes interesadas en las conversaciones sobre el agua", "Papel más activo por parte de organizaciones internacionales", "Revisión de inapropiada los planes de agua” y “Uso de nuevos recursos hídricos” en la cuenca del mar de Aral pueden resolver las disputas sobre el agua mediante el diálogo en el marco de la diplomacia del agua.Хотя в Центральной Азии существует вероятность конфликта по поводу водных ресурсов, из-за отсутствия полного осуществления согласованных договоренностей вероятность вооруженной конфронтации между странами региона по-прежнему весьма мала. Несмотря на эпизодическую напряженность, страны региона сотрудничают друг с другом посредством международного посредничества и урегулирования своих разногласий. Однако после двух десятилетий международных усилий по оживлению Аральского моря и осуществлению изменений в целях стабилизации экологической ситуации в этом районе, Проблемы высыхания этого важного моря как крупного дренажа в центральноазиатском регионе, И, как представляется, в ближайшем будущем не будет найдено надлежащего и применимого решения для того, чтобы положить конец кризису. Пять лидеров страны Центральной Азии сходятся во мнении о непосредственной близости высыхания Аральского моря из-за перерасхода и потерь воды, которые попадают в море через две основные реки "Аму-Дарья" и "Сыр-Дарья". Эти лидеры также осознают катастрофические последствия условий жизни и здоровья около 40 миллионов жителей прибрежной зоны Баренцева моря. Но политические и личные споры между этими лидерами положат конец этим переговорам. Также, учитывая, что Иран и Афганистан являются общими со странами Центральной Азии в бассейне Аральского  моря, эти страны также обязаны присутствовать на водных переговорах. Для того чтобы ответить на главный вопрос о том, как можно повысить уровень водной дипломатии в Аральском бассейне, Авторы считают, что "Участие всех заинтересованных сторон в переговорах по водным ресурсам", "Более активная роль международных организаций", "Обзор ненадлежащих водных планов" и "Использование новых водных ресурсов" в бассейне Аральского моря, Может урегулировать водные споры посредством диалога в рамках водной дипломатии

Un análisis comparativo del discurso del sueño americano y el sueño de China

The American dream and China dream are two examples of such discourses that superpowers and even international powers need to exercise and develop their power and help them legitimise and expand. The main purpose of this article is the study of the system of metaphors that is present in the discourses of the American Dream and the China Dream interacts with the international system. Countries that are at lower levels of power scale need to consolidate their position in these discourses based on the conceivable future. The main question of this article is this: What are the similarities and differences between the American Dream and the China dream from the perspective of discourse? To answer this question, we could say it seems that the Chinese government, due to the increasing Washington-Beijing competition in the economic and political- security arena, has come up with the idea to put forward the china dream to counter the American dream discourse. However, due to its low availability, acceptance, and credibility, the china dream has not gained the expected success. Therefore, the hypothesis of this article is as follows: the discourse of the China dream has been formed to counter the American dream, but due to the weakness of means of the discourse, it has had little influence on the international system. The research method of this thesis is descriptive-analytic (describe and interpret the situations, conditions, and relationships between the variables of this case study). Furthermore, we have used a documentary research method to collect the necessary material in this research.El sueño americano y el sueño de China son dos ejemplos de tales discursos que las superpotencias e incluso los poderes internacionales necesitan para ejercer y desarrollar su poder y ayudarlos a legitimar y expandirse. El objetivo principal de este artículo es el estudio del sistema de metáforas que está presente en los discursos del sueño americano y el sueño de China interactúa con el sistema internacional. Los países que se encuentran en niveles más bajos de escala de poder necesitan consolidar su posición en estos discursos con base en el futuro concebible. La pregunta principal de este artículo es la siguiente: ¿Cuáles son las similitudes y diferencias entre el sueño americano y el sueño de China desde la perspectiva del discurso? Para responder a esta pregunta, podríamos decir que parece que el gobierno chino, debido a la creciente competencia entre Washington y Beijing en el ámbito de la seguridad económica y política, ha tenido la idea de presentar el sueño de China para contrarrestar el discurso del sueño estadounidense. . Sin embargo, debido a su baja disponibilidad, aceptación y credibilidad, el sueño de China no ha obtenido el éxito esperado. Por lo tanto, la hipótesis de este artículo es la siguiente: el discurso del sueño de China se ha formado para contrarrestar el sueño americano, pero debido a la debilidad de los medios del discurso, ha tenido poca influencia en el sistema internacional. El método de investigación de esta tesis es descriptivo-analítico (describe e interpreta las situaciones, condiciones y relaciones entre las variables de este estudio de caso). Además, hemos utilizado un método de investigación documental para recopilar el material necesario en esta investigación

The Effect of Invisible Employees on Mental Health and the Mediating Role of Communication Apprehension in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences

Background & Objectives: Lack of mental health as a special concern of the organizations could have distressing effects on individuals and organizations. Studies show that employee invisibility and communication apprehension could have a negative effect on mental health. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of invisible employees on mental health based on the mediating role of communication apprehension in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted based on a cross-sectional design in 2019 on 276 university staff who were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected through three questionnaires. For statistical analysis, structural equation modeling as well as SPSS software (version 23) and Amos (version 20) were used. Results: The total mean scores of invisible employees, mental health, and communication apprehension variables were 2.22, 3.55, and 2.47, respectively. The invisible employees variable had no effect on mental health (path coefficient = -0.100, P =0.117), however, it had a direct effect on communication apprehension (path coefficient = 0.743, P =0.001). Moreover, communication apprehension had a negative effect on mental health (path coefficient = -0.881, P =0.001). Conclusion: To promote mental health, university managers must consider effective communication between employees in the workplace. Furthermore, in order to reduce invisible employees, managers must value them, not ignore them in the workplace, use their experience in various tasks, and appreciate their efforts. Key¬words: Invisible Employees, Mental Health, Communication, Apprehension staff Citation: Dehshiri Parizy E, Beheshtifar M. The Effect of Invisible Employees on Mental Health and the Mediating Role of Communication Apprehension in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Health Based Research 2020; 5(4): 395-409. [In Persian

Impact of Human Development Index and Rule of Law to Attract Foreign Direct Investment in Selected Developing Countries

Capital is the driving force of economic growth and development and the optimal utilizations of resources and capital are the most important factors in achieving economic growth and development. Foreign direct investment is one of the best methods in industrial projects’ financing and investing. Therefore, in line with the economic growth and development it is necessary to identify those factors which affect the FDI and to determine the influence degree of each to make a proper policy in this area. Human development index and rule of law are the effective factors which influence the absorption of FDI and this varies according to different economic governments. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of human development index and rule of law on attracting FDI. In order to assess each of these factors’ influence, we consider the FDI as a function of GPD, exchange rate, inflation, human development index and rule of law, the data is collected in 23 developing countries between 2001-2010 and a model is provided by using regression of panel data. The results of model estimation confirm the study hypothesis which is on the basis of positive and significant impacts of human development index and rule of law on the attraction of FDI

China's economic strategy in hegemonic competition with the United States in the Middle East

From the time of mercantilism onwards, international trade has always been an arena of geopolitical rivalry, and the unipolar international order that emerged after the end of the cold war essentially created a special security architecture in the strategic Middle East so that it could maintain its status quo. Powers inevitably have to choose between two options to work within the framework or to challenge it. This paper examines the competition between the US and china in the form of strategic hedging and under the global value chain structure. The authors will seek to answer the question: What is china's middle east economic strategy in competition with the US? The research hypothesis is that China's middle East economic strategy in competing with the US is targeted influence through the most effective sections of the international value chain. The research findings are based on its explanatory-analytical method, that in the Middle East look, China according to the United States' efforts to build a unified trade front to counter Beijing's state-owned capitalism and in order to reduce its energy security risk, has focused on technology security at targeting growth in the value chain hierarchy and gaining a foothold at its highest levels

Analysis the Impact of Good Governance on the Non-Oil Export of Oil Exporting Countries

The importance of governance, legislation, and guidance in achieving the economic growth and development is increasing day by day in scientific and political societies. Nowadays, due to high speed of science and technology production, trade and export promotion policies have a great importance and play a significant role in economic development. The economy of oil-exporting developing countries is largely dependent upon oil revenues which are mostly dominated by the governors. Therefore, the type of governance in these countries has a significant effect on economic growth and development, particularly on trade section. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of good governance on the oil exporting countries non-oil exports. For this purpose, the impact of good governance which the World Bank defines by six indicators such as: the voice and accountability, political stability, efficiency and governmental effectiveness, financial burden of regulations, rule of law, and corruption control are explained on exports, were studied for the twenty three selected oil exporting countries in 2001-2010 by using regression based on panel data. This research results have indicated that the indicators like the voice and accountability, political stability, efficiency and governmental effectiveness, financial burden of regulations would affect non-oil exports of the mentioned oil exporting countries

Analysis the Impact of Good Governance on the Non-Oil Export of Oil Exporting Countries

The importance of governance, legislation, and guidance in achieving the economic growth and development is increasing day by day in scientific and political societies. Nowadays, due to high speed of science and technology production, trade and export promotion policies have a great importance and play a significant role in economic development. The economy of oil-exporting developing countries is largely dependent upon oil revenues which are mostly dominated by the governors. Therefore, the type of governance in these countries has a significant effect on economic growth and development, particularly on trade section. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of good governance on the oil exporting countries non-oil exports. For this purpose, the impact of good governance which the World Bank defines by six indicators such as: the voice and accountability, political stability, efficiency and governmental effectiveness, financial burden of regulations, rule of law, and corruption control are explained on exports, were studied for the twenty three selected oil exporting countries in 2001-2010 by using regression based on panel data. This research results have indicated that the indicators like the voice and accountability, political stability, efficiency and governmental effectiveness, financial burden of regulations would affect non-oil exports of the mentioned oil exporting countries

Antioxidant activity of different parts of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum.

In Iranian traditional medicine, different species of the genus Tetrataenium are used as antiseptic, spice and food additives.The present study examined the possible antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extracts of different parts of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum (Boiss.) Manden (Apiaceae).Laminas, stems, petioles, fruits, peduncles and flowers of T. lasiopetalum were collected, dried and then extracted by ethanol and water (70:30). Antioxidant activities of extracts were examined by employing different in vitro assays, i.e., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, reducing power activities and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were evaluated.Hydro-alcoholic extract of T. lasiopetalum flower showed the highest activity in scavenging of DPPH (IC50 = 170 ± 7 μg/mL). In metal chelating assay, lamina extract possesses a better iron ion chelating activity than other extracts (230 ± 10 μg/mL). Lamina hydro-alcoholic extract demonstrated better activity in reducing the power and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system than other parts of T. lasiopetalum.These results showed the antioxidant activity of different parts of T. lasiopetalum based on its usage in traditional medicine

Identifying and prioritizing cost reduction solutions in the supply chain by integrating value engineering and gray multi-criteria decision-making

Value engineering is an appropriate policy for creating and improving value, which reduces unnecessary costs and maintains core functionality. Despite the mentioned benefits, this approach has so far received little attention in the area of supply chain management. Although this approach is highly structured, limitations such as overemphasizing the cost criterion and failure to meet other criteria, utilizing team members’ votes to rank solutions, ignoring inherent uncertainty and ultimately disagreement between value engineering team members have reduced the effectiveness of this approach. The present study aims to provide a coherent framework for utilizing a value engineering approach to supply chain cost management and overcome the aforementioned limitations by utilizing gray multi-criteria decision-making. In this regard, in the first phase, the initial list of improvement solutions is determined, the criteria extracted from the literature are localized using value engineering team members’ opinion. These criteria are weighted using the gray stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA-Gray) method. Then, the score of each solution is calculated by the value engineering team based on the list of criteria as a gray number. The scores are aggregated using the gray evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS-Gray) method, and the solutions are prioritized. Finally, the application of the proposed framework is investigated in a real case study in a power plant in Iran. The results of the research show that the final rankings of the solutions rarely changed for different methods; so the model used in this study has acceptable stability. First published online 24 September 202

Plexiform schwannoma of the floor of the mouth: a case report

Plexiform schwannoma is a type of schwannoma that can be occured at any age and any site of the oral cavity. In the gross and histopathological features, it shows plexiform or multinodular growth pattern. This variant of schwannoma is sometimes associated with neurofibromatosis type II or schwannomatosis. Histopathologically, plexiform schwannoma is composed of schwann cells that show Anthony A growth pattern. Mitosis are rare or absent. This study reports a case of a healthy 34 year old female with swelling in floor of her mouth; according to the clinical and histopathological findings, the diagnosis was Plexiform schwannoma