Il riequilibrio della finanza pubblica negli anni Novanta

Gli anni novanta sono caratterizzati dal riequilibrio della finanza pubblica: l’indebitamento netto delle Amministrazioni pubbliche che nel 1990 era pari all’11,8 per cento del PIL scende nel 1999 all’1,8 per cento. Gli anni ottanta possono essere giudicati ex post un periodo nel quale è tardato il riconoscimento della necessità del rigore fiscale, con un indebitamento netto mediamente pari al 10,8 del PIL e pressoché costante nel periodo. Questa caratterizzazione valevole per l’intero decennio, può essere meglio precisata. Ad esempio, l’anno 1991 (e non solo il 1990) può essere collegato a quelli del quinquennio precedente, che è stato definito, giustamente, come quello del “risanamento mancato” ; il 1992 è l’anno della “svolta” ; il 1997 l’anno in cui il riequilibrio, con gran prontezza, è stato colto con “astuzia e virtù”. Tuttavia, secondo gli autori di questa nota, sarebbe erronea una suddivisione del decennio in alcuni episodi di manovre di finanza pubblica, ora fallite ora riuscite, come alcune volte sono stati presentati nella letteratura; il processo di riequilibrio è stato un percorso continuo, ancor più di quanto appaia nei dati grezzi dell’indebitamento netto e dell’avanzo primario, sia nella programmazione e nella attuazione delle manovre fiscali, sia per la continuità dei risultati. Ovviamente alcuni momenti del processo sono stati molto qualificanti, e saranno posti in rilievo nell’analisi. Il successo della politica fiscale perseguita nel decennio, non esime comunque dal porsi e risolvere ulteriori problemi, derivanti nel medio periodo dalle pressioni demografiche, da possibili riforme istituzionali e dall’intensificarsi della competitività tra i vari sistemi - paese

Pre-operative speech-language pathology counselling in patients undergoing total laryngectomy: A pilot randomized clinical trial

Total Laryngectomy seriously affects on patients Quality of Life and on their psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of pre-operative Speech-Language Pathology counselling on laryngectomized patients. Pilot randomized controlled trial. Twenty-seven patients undergoing total laryngectomy and primary tracheoesophageal puncture were randomized as follows: 14/27 subjects were collocated in the Experimental group who received preoperative Speech-Language Pathology counselling and 13/27 in the Control group group that did not receive it. Two interviews and four questionnaires (Psychological Distress Inventory, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Italian-Self-Evaluation of Communication Experiences after Laryngeal Cancer) were administered immediately after surgery (T0), 1- (T1) and 3-months (T2) after hospital discharge in order to asses levels of distress, post-traumatic stress and anxious-depressive symptoms, acquisition and acceptance of the new voice. Student’s t test and chi square test showed that the two groups of patients were equivalent. Experimental group was more satisfied with the information and obtained statistically better (p < 0.05) scores in terms of levels of distress, post-traumatic stress, anxious-depressive symptoms and acceptance of the new voice than the Control group. The Speech-Language Pathology counselling may reduce the anguish, sadness and anticipatory anxiety deriving from the uncertainty of the post-operative course and it might facilitate the process of emotional adaptation, making patients more capable and prepared to face their new condition

Gray-ordered Binary Necklaces

A k-ary necklace of order n is an equivalence class of strings of length n of symbols from {0, 1,..., k − 1} under cyclic rotation. In this paper we define an ordering on the free semigroup on two generators such that the binary strings of length n are in Gray-code order for each n. We take the binary necklace class representatives to be the least of each class in this ordering. We examine the properties of this ordering and in particular prove that all binary strings factor canonically as products of these representatives. We conjecture that stepping from one representative of length n to the next in this ordering requires only one bit flip, except at easily characterized steps.

Un sistema meridionale di rigatura

L'articolo affronta il problema dei sistemi di rigatura nel libro manoscritto latino con particolare riguardo alla produzione meridionale beneventana. Si individua un nuovo sistema di rigatura

Solid state synthesis, spectroscopic and X-ray studies of metal complexes of 2-picolinic acid and vapochromic behavior of [Co(Pic)2(H2O)2]$2H2O

Three compounds, [Cu(Pic)2(H2O)] (1a), [M(Pic)2(H2O)2]$2H2O] (M¼Co (2a), Zn (3a), Pic ¼ 2-picolinic acid) were obtained by solvent-free synthesis through grinding of metal acetate salt with 2-picolinic acid. Favorable comparison of solvent-free with solution based method of 1b, 2b and 3b was observed. Good resemblance of identity of compounds obtained through the two methods was confirmed by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis and FTIR), TGA and PXRD. The single crystal diffraction data for [Co(Pic)2(H2O)2]$2H2O obtained from the Cambridge structure database (CSD), its PXRD simulated patterns closely matched that of complex 2a by solvent-free synthesis. Vapochromic behavior of this complex was studied using colour change, FT-IR, TGA, PXRD and solid state UV-visible spectroscopies. This complex generated specific colour which is also evident in the shifting of the vibrational frequencies (nO-H and n C¼O bands). The resulting inclusion compounds have different colours depending on the solvent used. In addition, exposure of the resultant inclusion compounds to ambient environment or heating for a few minutes regenerate the original material without degradation even after exposure/heating cycles as evident from TGA/DTG thermogram