Efeito do 2,4D na indução de calogênese in vitro de folhas de erva-mate.

Resumo

Efeito do meio de cultura na calogênese in vitro a partir de folhas de erva-mate.

A organogênese é uma técnica pouco estudada na micropropagação de erva- mate. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar diferentes meios de cultura na calogênese in vitro e organogênese de Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. Foram coletadas folhas em plantas em casa-de-vegetação. Segmentos foliares foram colocados em meios de cultura 1⁄4 MS, WPM ou JADS, contendo zeatina e 2,4-D. O meio MS foi mais eficiente na indução de calos. No meio WPM foi observada rizogênese. Nos meios testados não houve formação de brotações adventícias.Nota Científica

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage"

An analysis methodology for failure in postbuckling skin-stiffener interfaces

Blade-stiffened structures have the potential to produce highly efficient structures, particularly when the large strength reserves available after structural buckling, in the postbuckling range, are exploited. In experimental tests of postbuckling stiffened structures made from fibre-reinforced composites, failure typically initiates at the interface of the skin and stiffener and leads to rapid and even explosive failure. A methodology has been developed for analysing collapse in postbuckling composite structures that involves predicting the initiation of interlaminar damage in the skin-stiffener interface. A strength-based criterion is monitored in each ply using a local model of the skin-stiffener interface cross-section. For the analysis of large structures, a global analysis is first run to obtain the complete postbuckling deformation field, which is then input onto a local model using a global-local analysis technique. The coordinates of the local model can easily be moved to rapidly assess failure initiation at numerous skin-stiffener interface locations throughout the global structure. The analysis methodology is compared to experimental results for two-dimensional T-section specimens and large, fuselage-representative stiffened panels and is shown to give accurate predictions of the failure load and failure mechanisms. The use of the approach for the analysis of postbuckling composite structures has application for the design and certification of the next generation of aircraft

The organ-specific expression of terpene synthase genes contributes to the terpene hydrocarbon composition of chamomile essential oils

BACKGROUND: The essential oil of chamomile, one of the oldest and agronomically most important medicinal plant species in Europe, has significant antiphlogistic, spasmolytic and antimicrobial activities. It is rich in chamazulene, a pharmaceutically active compound spontaneously formed during steam distillation from the sesquiterpene lactone matricine. Chamomile oil also contains sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons which are produced by the action of terpene synthases (TPS), the key enzymes in constructing terpene carbon skeletons. RESULTS: Here, we present the identification and characterization of five TPS enzymes contributing to terpene biosynthesis in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Four of these enzymes were exclusively expressed in above-ground organs and produced the common terpene hydrocarbons (−)-(E)-β-caryophyllene (MrTPS1), (+)-germacrene A (MrTPS3), (E)-β-ocimene (MrTPS4) and (−)-germacrene D (MrTPS5). A fifth TPS, the multiproduct enzyme MrTPS2, was mainly expressed in roots and formed several Asteraceae-specific tricyclic sesquiterpenes with (−)-α-isocomene being the major product. The TPS transcript accumulation patterns in different organs of chamomile were consistent with the abundance of the corresponding TPS products isolated from these organs suggesting that the spatial regulation of TPS gene expression qualitatively contribute to terpene composition. CONCLUSIONS: The terpene synthases characterized in this study are involved in the organ-specific formation of essential oils in chamomile. While the products of MrTPS1, MrTPS2, MrTPS4 and MrTPS5 accumulate in the oils without further chemical alterations, (+)-germacrene A produced by MrTPS3 accumulates only in trace amounts, indicating that it is converted into another compound like matricine. Thus, MrTPS3, but also the other TPS genes, are good markers for further breeding of chamomile cultivars rich in pharmaceutically active essential oils

Reductions in emergency department presentations associated with opioid agonist treatment vary by geographic location: A retrospective study in New South Wales, Australia

Introduction and Aims: It is not known if the reduction in ED use during periods of OAT occurs across urgent and low acuity presentations. We aimed to compare the incidence and costs of urgent and low acuity ED presentations of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) in and out of opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Design and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study (N=24,875), using linked administrative health data from New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Urgent and low acuity ED incidence and associated costs were calculated for periods in and out of OAT. GEE models estimated the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ED presentations. Average costs per person-day were calculated with bootstrap confidence intervals. Results: Incidence of urgent presentations was lower in OAT compared to out of OAT [IRR (95%CI): 0.65 (0.61-0.69)]. In major cities, low acuity presentations were lower during OAT compared to timeout of OAT [IRR (95%CI): 0.82 (0.70-0.96)], in regional/remote areas, low acuity presentations were higher during OAT [IRR (95%CI): 2.65 (1.66-4.21)]. In major cities, average costs for low acuity presentations in OAT were 28% lower atA$0.50 (95$0.48-A$0.52) and A$0.69 (95%CI: A$0.66-A$0.71) out of OAT, but 103% higher in regional/remote NSW, at A$2.12 (95$1.91-A$2.34) in OAT and A$1.04 (95%CI: A$0.91-A$1.16) out of OAT. Discussion and Conclusions: OAT was associated with reductions in urgent ED presentations and associated costs among people with OUD. Geographical variation was evident for low acuity ED presentations, highlighting the need to increase access to OAT in regional/remote areas

A dynamical model for the penumbral fine structure and the Evershed effect in sunspots

Relying on the assumption that the interchange convection of magnetic flux tubes is the physical cause for the existence of sunspot penumbrae, we propose a model in which the dynamical evolution of a thin magnetic flux tube reproduces the Evershed effect and the penumbral fine structure such as bright and dark filaments and penumbral grains. According to our model, penumbral grains are the manifestation of the footpoints of magnetic flux tubes, along which hot subphotospheric plasma flows upwards with a few km/s. Above the photosphere the hot plasma inside the tube is cooled by radiative losses as it flows horizontally outwards. As long as the flowing plasma is hotter than the surroundings, it constitutes a bright radial filament. The flow confined to a thin elevated channel reaches the temperature equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere and becomes optically thin near the outer edge of the penumbra. Here, the tube has a height of approximately 100 km above the continuum and the flow velocity reaches up to 14 km/s. Such a flow channel can reproduce the observed signatures of the Evershed effect.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ letter