Rescue of non-sense mutated p53 tumor suppressor gene by aminoglycosides

Mutation-based treatments are a new development in genetic medicine, in which the nature of the mutation dictates the therapeutic strategy. Interest has recently focused on diseases caused by premature termination codons (PTCs). Drugs inducing the readthrough of these PTCs restore the production of a full-length protein. In this study, we explored the possibility of using aminoglycoside antibiotics to induce the production of a full-length functional p53 protein from a gene carrying a PTC. We identified a human cancer cell line containing a PTC, for which high levels of readthrough were obtained in the presence of aminoglycosides. Using these cells, we demonstrated that aminoglycoside treatment stabilized the mutant mRNA, which would otherwise have been degraded by non-sense-mediated decay, resulting in the production of a functional full-length p53 protein. Finally, we showed that aminoglycoside treatment decreased the viability of cancer cells specifically in the presence of nonsense-mutated p53 gene. These results open possibilities of developing promising treatments of cancers linked with non-sense mutations in tumor suppressor genes. They show that molecules designed to induce stop-codon readthrough can be used to inhibit tumor growth and offer a rational basis for developing new personalized strategies that could diversify the existing arsenal of cancer therapies

Critical Role of Transcript Cleavage in Arabidopsis RNA Polymerase II Transcriptional Elongation

Transcript elongation factors associate with elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) to control the efficiency of mRNA synthesis and consequently modulate plant growth and development. Encountering obstacles during transcription such as nucleosomes or particular DNA sequences may cause backtracking and transcriptional arrest of RNAPII. The elongation factor TFIIS stimulates the intrinsic transcript cleavage activity of the polymerase, which is required for efficient rescue of backtracked/arrested RNAPII. A TFIIS mutant variant (TFIISmut) lacks the stimulatory activity to promote RNA cleavage, but instead efficiently inhibits unstimulated transcript cleavage by RNAPII. We could not recover viable Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tfIIs plants constitutively expressing TFIISmut. Induced, transient expression of TFIISmut in tfIIs plants provoked severe growth defects, transcriptomic changes and massive, transcription-related redistribution of elongating RNAPII within transcribed regions toward the transcriptional start site. The predominant site of RNAPII accumulation overlapped with the 11 nucleosome, suggesting that upon inhibition of RNA cleavage activity, RNAPII arrest prevalently occurs at this position. In the presence of TFIISmut, the amount of RNAPII was reduced, which could be reverted by inhibiting the proteasome, indicating proteasomal degradation of arrested RNAPII. Our findings suggest that polymerase backtracking/arrest frequently occurs in plant cells, and RNAPII-reactivation is essential for correct transcriptional output and proper growth/development

Phosphate deficiency alters transcript isoforms via alternative transcription start sites.

Alternative transcription start sites (TSS) are widespread in eukaryotes and can alter the 5' UTR length and coding potential of transcripts. Here we show that inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability regulates the usage of several alternative TSS in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In comparison to phytohormone treatment, Pi had a pronounced and specific effect on the usage of many alternative TSS. By combining short-read RNA sequencing with long-read sequencing of full-length mRNAs, we identified a set of 45 genes showing alternative TSS under Pi deficiency. Alternative TSS affected several processes, such as translation via the exclusion of upstream open reading frames present in the 5' UTR of RETICULAN LIKE PROTEIN B1 mRNA, and subcellular localization via removal of the plastid transit peptide coding region from the mRNAs of HEME OXYGENASE 1 and SULFOQUINOVOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL 2. Several alternative TSS also generated shorter transcripts lacking the coding potential for important domains. For example, the EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED C-TERMINAL REGION 4 (ECT4) locus, which encodes an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader, strongly expressed under Pi deficiency a short noncoding transcript (named ALTECT4) ~550 nt long with a TSS in the penultimate intron. The specific and robust induction of ALTECT4 production by Pi deficiency led to the identification of a role for m6A readers in primary root growth in response to low phosphate that is dependent on iron and is involved in modulating cell division in the root meristem. Our results identify alternative TSS usage as an important process in the plant response to Pi deficiency

Patient-derived tumoroids and proteomic signatures: tools for early drug discovery

Onco-virotherapy is an emergent treatment for cancer based on viral vectors. The therapeutic activity is based on two different mechanisms including tumor-specific oncolysis and immunostimulatory properties. In this study, we evaluated onco-virotherapy in vitro responses on immunocompetent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient-derived tumoroids (PDTs) and healthy organoids. PDTs are accurate tools to predict patient’s clinical responses at the in vitro stage. We showed that onco-virotherapy could exert specific antitumoral effects by producing a higher number of viral particles in PDTs than in healthy organoids. In the present work, we used multiplex protein screening, based on proximity extension assay to highlight different response profiles. Our results pointed to the increase of proteins implied in T cell activation, such as IFN-γ following onco-virotherapy treatment. Based on our observation, oncolytic viruses-based therapy responders are dependent on several factors: a high PD-L1 expression, which is a biomarker of greater immune response under immunotherapies, and the number of viral particles present in tumor tissue, which is dependent to the metabolic state of tumoral cells. Herein, we highlight the use of PDTs as an alternative in vitro model to assess patient-specific responses to onco-virotherapy at the early stage of the preclinical phases

Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation of the genomic RNA of HIV-1

L’ARN génomique du virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) est multifonctionnel et suit au moins deux destins. Soit il est traduit par la machinerie traductionnelle de l’hôte donnant naissance aux polyprotéines Gag et Gag-pol, soit il se dimérise et est encapsidé dans les virions en tant que génome viral. Les travaux du laboratoire visent à identifier les mécanismes moléculaires de la traduction de l’ARN génomique et de sa dimérisation, ainsi que les déterminants gouvernant la balance entre ces deux phénomènes. La traduction de l’ARN génomique viral peut être initiée de trois façons. Selon le mécanisme canonique nécessitant la présence d’une coiffe à l’extrémité 5’ de l’ARN, et grâce à deux sites d’initiation par entrée interne des ribosomes (IRES). Un IRES a été mis en évidence dans la 5’ UTR, dont l’activité est stimulée lors en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire uniquement. Un second IRES a été découvert dans la région codante de gag. Il est capable de lier directement la petite sous-unité ribosome et le facteur d’initiation eIF3, et permet l’initiation à partir de deux codons AUG situés dans la même phase de lecture, conduisant à la synthèse d’une isoforme additionnelle de Gag. Mon projet de thèse a consisté en l’étude de l’influence de la structure secondaire sur la traduction et la dimérisation. Dans un premier temps, j’ai mis en place au laboratoire une nouvelle technique de sondage de structure, appelée « SHAPE », développée par le laboratoire de K. Weeks. Le SHAPE nous permet désormais de sonder rapidement la structure secondaire de nombreux ARN, et notamment de tester en routine l’effet de mutations sur la structure secondaire. Cette technique a permis d’étudier la structure secondaire de la 5’ UTR dans différentes conditions. Nous avons ainsi identifié une signature de la conformation monomère de la 5 UTR, et découvert un nouvel élément impliqué dans la dimérisation in vitro. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que des extraits de cellules Hela synchronisées en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire stimulent l’activité de l’IRES de la 5’ UTR et modifient le profil de réactivité de cette région, traduisant probablement une réorganisation structurale induite par le recrutement de protéines cellulaires. Une autre partie de mon projet de thèse a concerné l’étude de l’IRES de la région codante de gag, Des délétions progressives de l’IRES, à partir des extrémités 5’ et 3’ ont mis en évidence l’existence de deux sites de liaison distincts au ribosome, localisés à proximité de chacun des deux codons d’initiation. La délétion de chaque site a permis de confirmer le rôle de la liaison directe au ribosome dans la traduction de gag. L’ensemble de ces éléments nous permet de proposer un modèle moléculaire conduisant à la formation des complexes d’initiation sur chaque codon AUG. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent qu’une interaction longue-distance entre la boucle PolyA et la région codante de gag régule de la traduction de l’ARN génomique. Un tel mécanisme pourrait permettre de réguler l’efficacité de traduction du gène gag, voire du ratio entre les deux isoformes au cours du cycle réplicatif.Primate lentiviruses genomic RNA can serve both as an mRNA that encodes for Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins and as a propagated genome. We previously reported the presence of an IRES activity embedded within Gag coding region itself that drives the production of several isoforms of the Gag polyprotein and that is conserved in HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVmac. In addition, in vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that the initial step of initiation complex formation is the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit and eIF3. The structural and functional conservation amongst lentiviruses indicates that those properties are important for the virus cycle. In order to define the RNA structural determinants responsible for the formation of IRES/eIF3/40S ternary complex, we have been following functional and biochemical approaches in parallel. Our results indicate that 2 distinct binding sites for the ribosome are present close to the 2 AUG codons used as initiation site for the translation. Further biochemical analyses have shown that 2 ribosomes can be recruited by the same RNA molecule. In order to determine the functional role of the IRES activity on gag translation, we assayed in vitro the translation efficiency of mutants unable to recruit the ribosome. In parallel, we have been following a drug screening strategy to identify small molecules that would inhibit the ribosome recruitment. This approach could pave the way to the definition of the IRESgag as a new therapeutic target, and to the identification of new drugs

Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de l'initiation de la traduction de l'ARN génomique du VIH-1

L ARN génomique du virus de l immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) est multifonctionnel et suit au moins deux destins. Soit il est traduit par la machinerie traductionnelle de l hôte donnant naissance aux polyprotéines Gag et Gag-pol, soit il se dimérise et est encapsidé dans les virions en tant que génome viral. Les travaux du laboratoire visent à identifier les mécanismes moléculaires de la traduction de l ARN génomique et de sa dimérisation, ainsi que les déterminants gouvernant la balance entre ces deux phénomènes. La traduction de l ARN génomique viral peut être initiée de trois façons. Selon le mécanisme canonique nécessitant la présence d une coiffe à l extrémité 5 de l ARN, et grâce à deux sites d initiation par entrée interne des ribosomes (IRES). Un IRES a été mis en évidence dans la 5 UTR, dont l activité est stimulée lors en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire uniquement. Un second IRES a été découvert dans la région codante de gag. Il est capable de lier directement la petite sous-unité ribosome et le facteur d initiation eIF3, et permet l initiation à partir de deux codons AUG situés dans la même phase de lecture, conduisant à la synthèse d une isoforme additionnelle de Gag. Mon projet de thèse a consisté en l étude de l influence de la structure secondaire sur la traduction et la dimérisation. Dans un premier temps, j ai mis en place au laboratoire une nouvelle technique de sondage de structure, appelée SHAPE , développée par le laboratoire de K. Weeks. Le SHAPE nous permet désormais de sonder rapidement la structure secondaire de nombreux ARN, et notamment de tester en routine l effet de mutations sur la structure secondaire. Cette technique a permis d étudier la structure secondaire de la 5 UTR dans différentes conditions. Nous avons ainsi identifié une signature de la conformation monomère de la 5 UTR, et découvert un nouvel élément impliqué dans la dimérisation in vitro. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que des extraits de cellules Hela synchronisées en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire stimulent l activité de l IRES de la 5 UTR et modifient le profil de réactivité de cette région, traduisant probablement une réorganisation structurale induite par le recrutement de protéines cellulaires. Une autre partie de mon projet de thèse a concerné l étude de l IRES de la région codante de gag, Des délétions progressives de l IRES, à partir des extrémités 5 et 3 ont mis en évidence l existence de deux sites de liaison distincts au ribosome, localisés à proximité de chacun des deux codons d initiation. La délétion de chaque site a permis de confirmer le rôle de la liaison directe au ribosome dans la traduction de gag. L ensemble de ces éléments nous permet de proposer un modèle moléculaire conduisant à la formation des complexes d initiation sur chaque codon AUG. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent qu une interaction longue-distance entre la boucle PolyA et la région codante de gag régule de la traduction de l ARN génomique. Un tel mécanisme pourrait permettre de réguler l efficacité de traduction du gène gag, voire du ratio entre les deux isoformes au cours du cycle réplicatif.Primate lentiviruses genomic RNA can serve both as an mRNA that encodes for Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins and as a propagated genome. We previously reported the presence of an IRES activity embedded within Gag coding region itself that drives the production of several isoforms of the Gag polyprotein and that is conserved in HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIVmac. In addition, in vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that the initial step of initiation complex formation is the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit and eIF3. The structural and functional conservation amongst lentiviruses indicates that those properties are important for the virus cycle. In order to define the RNA structural determinants responsible for the formation of IRES/eIF3/40S ternary complex, we have been following functional and biochemical approaches in parallel. Our results indicate that 2 distinct binding sites for the ribosome are present close to the 2 AUG codons used as initiation site for the translation. Further biochemical analyses have shown that 2 ribosomes can be recruited by the same RNA molecule. In order to determine the functional role of the IRES activity on gag translation, we assayed in vitro the translation efficiency of mutants unable to recruit the ribosome. In parallel, we have been following a drug screening strategy to identify small molecules that would inhibit the ribosome recruitment. This approach could pave the way to the definition of the IRESgag as a new therapeutic target, and to the identification of new drugs.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocPARIS-BIUM-Bib. électronique (751069903) / SudocSudocFranceF

An antisense noncoding RNA enhances translation via localized structural rearrangements of its cognate mRNA

Reis RS, Deforges J, Schmidt R, Schippers JHM, Poirier Y. An antisense noncoding RNA enhances translation via localized structural rearrangements of its cognate mRNA. The Plant Cell. 2021;33(4):1381-1397.**Abstract** A large portion of eukaryotic genes are associated with noncoding, natural antisense transcripts (NATs). Despite sharing extensive sequence complementarity with their sense mRNAs, mRNA–NAT pairs elusively often evade dsRNA-cleavage and siRNA-triggered silencing. More surprisingly, some NATs enhance translation of their sense mRNAs by yet unknown mechanism(s). Here, we show that translation enhancement of the rice (Oryza sativa) PHOSPHATE1.2 (PHO1.2) mRNA is enabled by specific structural rearrangements guided by its noncoding antisense RNA (cis-NATpho1.2). Their interaction in vitro revealed no evidence of widespread intermolecular dsRNA formation, but rather specific local changes in nucleotide base pairing, leading to higher flexibility of PHO1.2 mRNA at a key high guanine-cytosine�(GC) regulatory region inhibiting translation, ∼350-nt downstream of the start codon. Sense–antisense RNA interaction increased formation of the 80S complex in PHO1.2, possibly by inducing structural rearrangement within this inhibitory region, thus making this mRNA more accessible to 60S. This work presents a framework for nucleotide resolution studies of functional mRNA–antisense pairs

Structural Analyses of Avocado sunblotch viroid Reveal Differences in the Folding of Plus and Minus RNA Strands

Viroids are small pathogenic circular single-stranded RNAs, present in two complementary sequences, named plus and minus, in infected plant cells. A high degree of complementarities between different regions of the RNAs allows them to adopt complex structures. Since viroids are naked non-coding RNAs, interactions with host factors appear to be closely related to their structural and catalytic characteristics. Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), a member of the family Avsunviroidae, replicates via a symmetric RNA-dependant rolling-circle process, involving self-cleavage via hammerhead ribozymes. Consequently, it is assumed that ASBVd plus and minus strands adopt similar structures. Moreover, by computer analyses, a quasi-rod-like secondary structure has been predicted. Nevertheless, secondary and tertiary structures of both polarities of ASBVd remain unsolved. In this study, we analyzed the characteristic of each strand of ASBVd through biophysical analyses. We report that ASBVd transcripts of plus and minus polarities exhibit differences in electrophoretic mobility under native conditions and in thermal denaturation profiles. Subsequently, the secondary structures of plus and minus polarities of ASBVd were probed using the RNA-selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) method. The models obtained show that both polarities fold into different structures. Moreover, our results suggest the existence of a kissing-loop interaction within the minus strand that may play a role in in vivo viroid life cycle

Two ribosome recruitment sites direct multiple translation events within HIV1 Gag open reading frame

International audienceIn the late phase of the HIV virus cycle, the full length unspliced genomic RNA is exported to the cytoplasm and serves as mRNA to translate the Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins. Three different translation initiation mechanisms responsible for Gag production have been described. However a rationale for the involvement of as many translation pathways in gRNA translation is yet to be defined. The Gag-IRES has the singularity to be located within the Gag open reading frame and to directly recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit. To further characterize this interaction, we first probed the Gag-IRES RNA structure. We then developed an innovative integrative modelling approach and propose a novel secondary structure model for the Gag-IRES. The minimal 40S ribosomal subunit binding site was further mapped using different assays. To our surprise, we found that at least two regions within Gag-IRES can independently recruit the ribosome. Next, we validated that these two regions influence Gag translation both in vitro and in cellulo. These binding sites are mostly unstructured and highly A-rich, such sequences have previously been shown to be sufficient to recruit the ribosome and to support an IRES function. A combination of biochemical and functional data give insight into the Gag-IRES molecular mechanism and provide compelling evidences for its importance. Hypothesis about its physiological role reflecting its conservation amongst primate lentiviruses are proposed