Bounds on graviton mass using weak lensing and SZ effect in galaxy clusters

In General Relativity (GR), the graviton is massless. However, a common feature in several theoretical alternatives of GR is a non-zero mass for the graviton. These theories can be described as massive gravity theories. Despite many theoretical complexities in these theories, on phenomenological grounds, the implications of massive gravity have been widely used to put bounds on graviton mass. One of the generic implications of giving a mass to the graviton is that the gravitational potential will follow a Yukawa-like fall off. We use this feature of massive gravity theories to probe the mass of graviton by using the largest gravitationally bound objects, namely galaxy clusters. In this work, we use the mass estimates of galaxy clusters measured at various cosmologically defined radial distances measured via weak lensing (WL) and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. We also use the model independent values of Hubble parameter $H(z)$ smoothed by a non-parametric method, Gaussian process. Within $1\sigma$ confidence region, we obtain the mass of graviton $m_g < 5.9 \times 10^{-30}$ eV with the corresponding Compton length scale $\lambda_g > 6.82$ Mpc from weak lensing and $m_g < 8.31 \times 10^{-30}$ eV with $\lambda_g > 5.012$ Mpc from SZ effect. This analysis improves the upper bound on graviton mass obtained earlier from galaxy clusters.Comment: 9 Pages, 3 Figures, 2 Tables, Accepted for publication in Physics Letters

Adaptation of the Mahabharata, the Myth and Metaphor, into Animation for Children

Animation provides a unique window for children through which they could absorb the culturally superior Hindu epic in existence, the Mahabharata, the greatest myth and metaphor of life, and seek wisdom while entertaining themselves simultaneously. Concocting elements of fiction into the great myth in the form of animation gives a completely different perspective to children and show them a world of their own. The main motivation is to introduce them with the great heritage of India, the Mahabharata, in a lighter way through animation

Insider Threats: Risk to Organization

Information security is an essential component and assets for any organization, whether it is commercial government or proprietary business. Report after report keeps pointing to the “insider threat†as one of the greatest information security risks within the modern organization. But what exactly is the insider threat and how we can help reduce this risk? This paper analyzes the importance of information security, benefits of it and how the information can be protected by the various threats which are inside the organization, and may leads to information loss. The aim of this paper is to allow businesses, administrators, developers and designers to produce and provide with some methods or techniques to secure such information so that the risk associated with the information loss can be minimized. In this paper we will break down the various attributes of the insider threat, and suggest some methods have been suggested which can help an organization to secure the sensitive and crucial information

Strong lensing systems and galaxy cluster observations as probe to the cosmic distance duality relation

In this paper, we use large scale structure observations to test the cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR), $D_{\rm L}(1+z)^{-2}/D_{\rm A}=\eta=1$, with $D_{\rm L}$ and $D_{\rm A}$, being the luminosity and angular diameter distances, respectively. In order to perform the test, the following data set are considered: strong lensing systems and galaxy cluster measurements (gas mass fractions). No specific cosmological model is adopted, only a flat universe is assumed. By considering two $\eta(z)$ parametrizations, we obtained the validity of the CDDR within $1.5\sigma$ which is in full agreement with other recent tests involving cosmological data. It is worth to comment that our results are independent of the baryon budget of galaxy clusters.Comment: 6 pages, two figs, one tabl

Estimation of sea water salinity from dielectric measurements: Effect of temperature

Dielectric measurements have been carried out for distilled water and saline water solutions of salinities 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000 ppm, as well as sea water of Diu beach area, using Anritsu Shockline Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, model no: MS46322A) in the frequency range from 1 GHz to 20 GHz, over the temperatures of 20°, 30° and 40 °C. From the measured values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss, the values of tanδ, conductivity and emissivity of water solutions have been calculated. The variation in dielectric properties of water with salinity and temperature of measurement is compared with values calculated using Stogryn equations as well as Klein and Swift model and results are found to be in good agreement with corresponding values. From the dielectric loss values and the emissivity values of distilled water and saline water solutions at certain fixed frequencies, the salinity of sea water collected from Diu beach has been estimated to be 36,327 ppm which agrees very well with the physicochemical analysis report of laboratory

Role of Women in Crop Residue Management for Better Health

The role of women has changed dramatically from stone age to contemporary global society. The process of Industrialization, modernization and globalization show its deep impact on human society all over the world. The role and responsibilities of women have attained new definition and perspective. On the encouraging side, in the Northwest India, there has been a relatively increase in economic participation in the past one decade. Development programmes and policies have largely tended to focus on women in isolation with little effort to work alongside men and include them in restructuring social relations to mainstream gender. If women’s empowerment is to be achieved and sustained in agriculture, it must be complemented by programmes that include working with men to bring about the desired structural change. The training workshop was conducted to motivate the women folks of Haryana villages to participate in the agricultural activities, support to bring change and updating in farming practices by adopting new trending mechanization and techniques like Happy Seeder, Green Seeker, Soil Humidity Meter, adopt techniques like ‘Lekha-Jhokha’ for better farming practices, and to earn profits by their contributions. The main focus was to make aware women to participate in no burning of rice crop residue, so that they can influence in reducing the air pollution and strengthen the Conservation Agriculture (CA), to enhance the field nutrients by sustainable agricultural practices

Giant Dipole Resonance Width in near-Sn Nuclei at Low Temperature and High Angular Momentum

High energy gamma-rays in coincidence with low energy yrast gamma-rays have been measured from 113Sb, at excitation energies of 109 and 122 MeV, formed by bombarding 20Ne on 93Nb at projectile energies of 145 and 160 MeV respectively to study the role of angular momentum (J) and temperature (T) over Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) width. The maximum populated angular momenta for fusion were 67hbar and 73hbar respectively for the above-mentioned beam energies. The high energy photons were detected using a Large Area Modular BaF2 Detector Array (LAMBDA) along with a 24-element multiplicity filter. After pre-equilibrium corrections, the excitation energy E* was averaged over the decay steps of the compound nucleus (CN). The average values of temperature, angular momentum, CN mass etc. have been calculated by the statistical model code CASCADE. Using those average values, results show the systematic increase of GDR width with T which is consistent with Kusnezov parametrization and the Thermal Shape Fluctuation Model. The rise of GDR width with temperature also supports the assumptions of adiabatic coupling in the Thermal Shape Fluctuation Model. But the GDR widths and corresponding reduced plots with J are not consistent with the theoretical model at high spins.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, Submitted to Physics Review