Determinants of the Money Supply in the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Canada (Central Bank, Reaction Function, Inflation, Fiscal, Monetary Policy).

The primary purpose of this study is to formulate, estimate and compare monetary policy reaction functions for the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Canada. For each country, the growth rate of the monetary base is estimated as a linear function of eight independent variables--the interest rate variable, the budget deficit variable, the wage rate variable, the price variable, the international reserves variable, the exchange rate variable, a trade balance variable and an economic activity variable (e.g., the output gap, the output ratio, or the unemployment rate variable). Alternative measures of a number of these variables are employed. The Final Prediction Error criterion in conjunction with the specific gravity criterion has been used to determine the lag length for each explanatory variable and the order in which independent variables enter the equations. Reaction functions, thus specified, are estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares and instrumental variables techniques. If preliminary results suggest the presence of serial correlation among residuals, estimates are obtained using the Cochrane-Orcutt iterative procedure for serial correlation correction. Restricted versions of the reaction functions are also estimated after dropping statistically insignificant variables from the fully specified reaction functions. The estimated reaction functions indicate that monetary policies in the United Kingdom and West Germany have been permanently affected by some external trade balance measure--the effective exchange rate in the former case and international reserves in the latter. The monetary base in Canada is affected by changes in the output gap, interest rate changes and budget deficits

QUALITY EVALUATION AND STORAGE STABILITY OF JAMUN- MANGO BLENDED JAM

Studies were conducted on the manufacture of value added product from jamun-mango blended fruit pulp. Jamun and mango fruits were blended in the ratios of 55:00:: jamun: mango pulp as control, 50:05, 45: 10, 40: 15 and 35: 20:: jamun: mango pulp for the preparation of jam. In jam production the total soluble solids and total sugar increased from the initial levels of 68.00 to 71.12 0Brix and 55.99 to 56.30 percent, where as the anthocyanin, tannin, iron and phosphorus contents decreased from 58.88 to 51.76 mg/100g, 158.83 to 158.77 mg/100ml, 0.50 to 0.46 mg/100g and 10.75 to 10.71 mg/100g during six months of storage. On the basis of sensory score the blend/treatment T3(45:10:: jamun: mango) received the maximum score of 8.74 for body, 8.66 for colour, 8.64 for aroma and 8.74 for overall acceptability which decreased to 7.84, 7.80, 7.96 and 7.04 after six months of storage respectively. No microbial count was observed in treatment T2 (50:05: Jamun: Mango), T3 (45:10: jamun: mango) and T4 (40:15: jamun: mango) after six months of storage

To study the effect of dietary modification on haemodialisis patients

Chronic kidney disease is a world wide public health challenge since patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have to live on hemodialysis (HD) for the rest of their lives unless a kidney donor and a successful kidney transplantation is carried out. Patients on HD have increased mortality compared with the general population. Several factors can play a negative role and increase risk of mortality among HD patients, particularly cardiovascular diseases.An important non cardiovascular risk factor of mortality among HD patients is malnutrition. Malnutrition in HD patients is due to restrictive food recommendations, poor appetite, and drug-related factors. Protein energy wasting (PEW) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in patients on dialysis either on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. One of the most important factors affecting the quality of life of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is nutrition. Prevention of malnutrition increases patients quality and length of life. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of dietary modification of patients on dialysi

Relation between immediate postpartum APGAR score with umblical cord blood pH and fetal distress

Background: The one-minute Apgar score, proven useful for rapid assessment of the neonate, is often poorly correlated with other indicators of intrauterine well-being. Fetal asphyxia is directly associated with neonatal acidosis. Umbilical cord pH is best indicator of fetal hypoxemia and hypoxemia leads to neonatal acidosis. In today scenario, fetal distress is the leading indication of emergency cesarean section.Methods: A observational cross-sectional study conducted of one year between march 2017 to February 2018; of full-term obstetric patients undergoing emergency cesarean section for fetal distress as an indication. All patients included are term gestation with low risk pregnancy excluding medical disorders and other complications of pregnancy. Immediately after delivery umbilical artertial cord blood from placental site collected and sent for pH determination and Apgar score calculated of newborn.Results: Emergency cesarean section was being done for fetal distress diagnosed based on guidelines for Intermittent auscultation; maximum patients had fetal bradycardia (240) followed by fetal tachycardia (12) and irregular rhythm (18). Relation between pH value and the fetal outcome babies who had low pH value. i.e. <7.1; had maximum referrals with poor Apgar score at 1 min (<3) and at 5 min (<3). Out of 270 babies 18 had Apgar score <3 at 1 min, out of which 10 continued to have Apgar score <3 at 5 mins. These babies were referred to department of pediatrics and were not alive beyond day 2-4.Conclusions: The values of mean Apgar score and cord blood pH decreases, which is inversely proportion to duration and severity of intrauterine/intra partum asphyxia. Umbilical arterial cord blood pH correlation was found to be significant with Apgar score in neonates delivered with indication as fetal distress

Knowledge, attitude and practices about menstruation and related problems in adolescent girls

Background: Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural restrictions resulting in adolescent girls remaining ignorant of the scientific facts and hygienic health practices, which sometimes result into adverse health outcomes. The reaction to menstruation depends upon awareness and knowledge about the subject. The manner in which a girl learns about menstruation and its associated changes may have an impact on her response to the event of menarche. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bhopal, India had always been keen to make aware of these facts and preventive measures to adolescent girls and to acknowledge the facts this study has been conducted.Methods: About 350 school girls between 10-18years of age with attainment of menarche were selected from two schools of Bhopal and interviewed during study period using predesigned questionnaire after obtaining informed consent from school in-charge and parents.Results: This study shows that majority of the girls preferred cloth pieces rather than sanitary pads as menstrual absorbent. Apparently, poverty, high cost of disposable sanitary pads and to some extent ignorance dissuaded the study population from using the menstrual absorbents available in the market. Universalized use of sanitary pads can be advocated to every girl only by making it available at affordable prices (social marketing). Thus, the above findings reinforce the need to encourage safe and hygienic practices among the adolescent girls and bring them out of traditional beliefs, misconceptions and restrictions regarding menstruation.Conclusions: This study highlighted the need of adolescent girls to have accurate and adequate information about menstruation and its appropriate management and healthy menstrual practices

BIOCOMPATIBILITY STUDIES OF SILVER DOPED HAP/ALUMINA BY SOL-GEL METHOD

Silver doped hydroxyapatite (Ag- HAP) coated of alumina having antibacterial properties is of great interest for the development of new biomedical applications. In the current study pure hydroxyapatite (HAP), 1.5wt% (0.9gm)Ag doped in hydroxyapatite (Ag-HAP) coated on alumina disk were processed and characterized. Pure HAP and Ag-HAP were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Ca(NO3)2.4H2O as a source of Ca precursor, phosphorous pentaoxide (P2O5) as a source of P precursor and Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) as a source of Ag precursor were used. Samples were characterized using SEM, FTIR, ECA (in Ringer's solution) and OCA. SEM study shows the granular like Ag-HAP. The formation HAP and Ag-HAP was confirmed using FTIR and XRD. Wettability study shows that the surface of Ag-HAP is more hydrophilic as compared to pure HAP Samples. Corrosion study reveals that Ag-HAP has lesser corrosion rate as compared to HAP. There is no toxic effect of Ag-HAP as found by bacterial cell culture test

A Narrative Review on Priorities of Mental Health Issues among Transgenders: “So Near, Yet so Far”

In recent years there is a rapid rise in coming out of sexual and gender minority adults to their family members and society. Unfortunately, studies on unmet health needs of transgenders with a special focus to mental health is under-researched in India. The current paper aimed to explore about the mental health of transgenders and a literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for the following medical subject headings (MeSH) key terms “transgender”, “mental Health”, “social stigma”, “LGBT”, “gender dysphoria”, “genderqueer”, “intersex”, “MSM”, “hijra”, “gay”, “lesbian”, “bisexual”, and “homosexual”. Transgender individuals were found to show high rates of mental health concerns. The most common mental health problems that we have shown in this review article are depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, generalized anxiety disorders, suicidal attempts and bipolar disorders. Transgender people are at more risk for mental health problems than their heterogenous counterparts. The intervention program to eliminate or reduce these problems needs to be planned carefully, considering all the determinants

Navigating Risks: Exploring Sexual and Reproductive Health and Contraceptive Awareness among Adolescent Girls in in District Dehradun

Background: Adolescence brings about significant changes in the life, making it crucial to develop lifelong healthy habits. However, societal norms often restrict open discussions on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). In India, access to accurate SRH information and healthcare remains limited for many adolescents. Aim &amp; Objective: To study trend in risk taking behavior related to sexual &amp; reproductive health of adolescent girls and to find out awareness about and use of contraception in the study population. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two randomly selected intercolleges in district Dehradun. Methods and Material: A total of 400 unmarried school-going adolescent girls (classes 9th–12th) were surveyed with a focus on SRH. Statistical Analysis Used: Percentages and chi-square test. Results: The mean age of respondents was 15.62 (±1.557) years. Teachers were the primary source of SRH information, but only 26.2% respondents had attended sex education classes. While most had heard of HIV/AIDS, knowledge about other sexually transmitted infections was low. Awareness of condoms and oral contraceptive pills was higher than other methods and improved with age. Conclusion: The study highlights inadequate access to accurate SRH information and the need for comprehensive education programs to promote informed decision-making

Sleep-Wake dilemma in future generation Health Care Providers: A cross-sectional analysis

Introduction: Medical students are at higher risk for sleep disorders due to academic workload, stress, and mental health issues. This study evaluates sleep disorders and their contributing factors. Material and methods: It was a cross sectional study with a sample size of 255 respondents. Collection of demographic information, Socio-economic status and anthropometric information with SLEEP-50 was done. Data was analysed by SPSS and p&lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: Out of 255 subjects 236 provided complete information. ~80% students admitted having at least one sleep disorder. Majority of subjects reported to have narcolepsy (65.3%), followed by nightmares (31%), and restless leg syndrome (20.3%). Respondents experiencing nocturnal disturbances, such as phone ringers or vibrating modes, and prolonged engagement with social media were found to be more predisposed to poor sleep quality. Among these 47 respondents, 90.9% of Tobacco users, 96.7% of Alcohol users, and 83.3% of other types of substance abusers reported experiencing sleep disorders compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: The study confirmed that poor sleep is prevalent in medical students. The study suggests that research should focus on improving general sleep education for medical students, identifying at-risk students, and implementing programs to improve sleep

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI (EPEC) AND SHIGA-TOXIN PRODUCING E. COLI (STEC) FROM DOMESTIC ANIMALS: PREVALENCE, VIRULENCE, COLONIZATION FACTORS AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

To ascertain the presence and molecular characterization of enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin E. coli, 200 fecal samples were collected from rabbits (24), slaughtered pigs (22), calves (39), poultry (41), dogs (38), sheep and goats (36). All the 200 isolates were screened using m-PCR for the presence of the eae, stx1, and stx2 genes. Additionally, the confirmed EPEC isolates were screened concerning their virulence factors (bfpA, astA and ecpA genes) and serogroup by PCR and antibiotic resistance. Of the 200 samples, 38 (19.00%) and 28 (14.0%) were found to be STEC and EPEC, respectively. It was discovered that 11 (30.55%), 12 (33.33%) isolates from sheep and 17 (43.58%), 5 (12.82%), isolates from calves, respectively, were STEC and EPEC 6 (25.0%), 10 (45.45%), and 5 (13.15%) isolates were found to be EPEC in rabbits, pigs, and dogs, respectively. The two most common EPEC serogroups were O118 (18.41%) and O88 (36.84%). Of the 38 EPEC isolates, 100% carried the ecpA gene, while 18 isolates (47.36%) took the astA gene. Among 38 EPEC isolates, only 5 (13.15%) dogs were found to have the bfpA gene, making them typical EPEC, while 33 (86.84%) isolates were classified as atypical EPEC. Thirtyeight EPEC isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity, and the results indicated that they were resistant to ciprofloxacin (13.15%), kanamycin (42.10%), streptomycin (42.10%), doxycycline hydrochloride (28.94%), and nalidixic acid (55.26%)