ENUMERATION OF LICHEN BIOTA FROM DAVANGERE DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA

Lichens, which are symbiotic relationships association between cyanobacteria or algae and fungi and are considered as bio-indicators of the environment health. Lichen diversity is still poorly understood in many regions of India, including Karnataka's Davanagere district, despite its ecological importance. The aim of this study is to record the diversity of lichens found in Davanagere district with distinct habitats. We identified 26 lichen species from 16 genera and 8 families through methodical field surveys carried out in forest, semi-forested, agriculture, urban and rural areas. Crustose and fruticose lichens were the next most common growth forms, after foliose lichens. Dirinaria, Graphis, Lecanora, Parmotrema, Physcia, Pyxine and Ramalina are the most commonly available genera. The results establish a baseline for upcoming ecological and environmental monitoring research and offer fresh perspectives on the lichen biota of central Karnataka

ZnO NANOPARTICLES FROM FUCOIDAN: GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY

In this study, fucoidan, a polysaccharide derived from Sargassum wightii Greville ex J. Agardh, a brown seaweed, was used in the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles employing an eco-friendly,low cost-efficient process. Fucoidan served as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. The Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized were subjected to analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS). The UV–Vis spectra exhibited a prominent absorption peak at approximately 370 nm. Furthermore, strong antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the phyto mediated-synthesized nanoparticles. To ascertain the potential of the produced nanoparticles to provide effective natural nano-medicine active and against microbial infection, the antibacterial activity was assessed, particularly against Gram harmful bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis

Evaluation of Arch Width Variations Among Different Skeletal Patterns in Chhattisgarh Population

Aim: To evaluate the arch width variations among different skeletal patterns in Chhattisgarh population.Materials and Methods: A total of 66 untreated adults (33 males and 33 females), the age of 15-30, with minimal crowding or spacing and no cross bites, were included in the study. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed to measure the angle between the anterior cranial base and the mandibular plane (MP-SN). Dental casts were used to record maxillary and mandibular inter-canine, inter-premolar, and inter-molar widths.Results: Findings revealed that males had significantly wider dental arches than females (P < 0.05). Additionally, as the MP-SN angle increased, there was a notable reduction in arch width. When compared with data from other populations, the results also suggested that arch width dimensions vary across different ethnic and racial groups.Conclusion: Dental arch width is affected by gender, ethnicity, and vertical facial structure. Hence, orthodontic treatment should consider using customized arch wires tailored to the individual’s original arch form and width

EFFECT OF LAMBDA CYHALOTHRIN ON THE ACTIVITY OF GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY AND MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE ENZYMES

The application of pyrethroids as an insecticide and anti parasitary preparations has markedly increased. Fishes are extremely susceptible to these substances. An important factor is the rapid absorption of their accessibility, thus also the risk for aquatic organisms. The present study is a contribution to the assessment of toxicity and effects of lambda cyhalothrin on a benthic species, Clarias batrachus. Effect of lambda cyhalothrin on the activity of glycolytic pathway and mitochondrial oxidative enzymes were studied. Three groups of 25 fishes each were selected for the study. Specific activity of pyruvate kinase at different durations of exposure to the pyrethroid showed significant variation. Specific activity of citrate synthase after 45 days of exposure, the enzyme activity of the hepatic tissue of fishes of both experimental groups remained above the control levels. Specific activity of α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the various tissues viz., ovary, muscle, liver, heart and brain of the pyrethroid-exposed fishes showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) by the end of the exposure period of 45 days when compared to the control group. In fishes exposed to the higher sub-lethal concentration of lambda cyhalothrin, the ovary, muscle, liver, heart and brain tissues showed a significant decline (P<0.05) in the SDH enzyme activity at all durations of exposure to the pyrethroid in comparison to the control of animals. In the present study, the synthetic pyrethroid lambda cyhalothrin showed a significant inhibition of the malate dehydrogenase activity of the various tissues of Clarias batrachus even at sub-lethal concentrations. The liver tissue of pyrethroid-exposed fishes of both groups showed a gradual and significant decline (P<0.05) in the ATP levels throughout the exposure period when compared to the control group of fishes

From Pollution to Power: Transforming Rice Straw into Torrefied Biomass Pellets for Sustainable Energy in NCR

The National Capital Region (NCR) of India endures some of the world’s worst air quality levels each winter, primarily due to the large-scale burning of rice stubble in the adjoining states of Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh. This seasonal agricultural practice, though widespread, results in severe public health hazards, economic losses, and environmental degradation. This research addresses the root of this issue by proposing a viable, circular economy-based solution: the conversion of rice straw into torrefied biomass pellets for use as a substitute fuel in coal-fired thermal power plants. Torrefaction—a thermal pre-treatment technology—enhances the energy density, storability, and combustibility of agricultural biomass, offering a clean and carbon-neutral alternative to fossil fuels.This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the environmental implications of stubble burning and the advantages of deploying torrefaction as a mitigation strategy. A detailed case study of Beyond Drilling & Exploration Private Limited, the largest torrefied biomass pellet producer in India, highlights how decentralized pellet production, strategic plant location, and public-private collaboration can effectively manage biomass residues while creating rural employment and reducing emissions. The research also evaluates the policy ecosystem, focusing on progressive initiatives like the Haryana Biomass Policy 2018 and the biomass co-firing mandate by NTPC and other thermal power plants.Quantitative data drawn from field operations illustrates significant reductions in PM2.5, PM10, and GHG emissions, along with increased fuel efficiency and reduced coal consumption in co-fired power plants. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for scaling up this model across India through supportive regulatory frameworks, capital incentives, farmer awareness programs, and localized pellet hubs. By turning a persistent pollution source into a sustainable energy input, this model offers a replicable blueprint for addressing India’s twin challenges of air pollution and energy transition

CONTENT OF PROVIDING ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF PARENTS IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Special attention is paid to family issues in our country. Chunonchi is consistently working in the field of implementation of its social functions, raising children, increasing improvement of housing, material conditions. After all, raising a child is a complex process. And the main focus of upbringing is the family. Upbringing is not only the personal work of the parents, but also their social duty. It is known that the dignity of a person is determined by his place in society, which in many respects will depend on his upbringing. Naturally, the parent is the person in charge of the first upbringing of the child. During the upbringing of children in the family environment, it is necessary to give them initial ideas about good and bad behavior about life, about the duties of people to society. Children's assimilation of tradition and existing positive habits in the family is of incomparable importance. It is known that children, parents and pedagogical workers in preschool educational organizations are participants in the preschool educational process. Parents have the right to choose the forms of teaching and upbringing for their children, the type of preschool organizations and the language of education, and preschool organizations can be required to treat their child's personality with respect

Cephalometrics for Orthognathic Surgery: Insights from Literature Review

This literature review examines the role of cephalometric evaluation in orthognathic surgery, highlighting its significance in diagnosis, treatment planning, and postoperative assessment. By analyzing various studies, the review highlights key cephalometric parameters and their applications in predicting surgical outcomes, improving facial aesthetics, and ensuring functional balance. The findings underscore the value of cephalometric analysis as a critical tool for enhancing surgical precision and patient-specific treatment approaches in orthognathic procedures

An In Vitro Study to Compare and Evaluate the Preparation Details of Three Different Tooth Preparation Techniques for Metal Ceramic Crown

Introduction: Tooth preparation for metal ceramic crowns must allow for an adequate thickness of metal and porcelain to overcome the limitations of each material as well as preserve the integrity of the pulp.Excessive reduction can cause sensitivity and pulpal exposure which may necessitate a root canal treatment. In anterior teeth, a minimal incisal reduction of 2 mm is recommended to prevent an excessively long crown or a blunt incisal table. Hence, a successful porcelain fused to metal restoration is mainly dependent on an adequate tooth preparation. Under preparation may result in inappropriate labial and palatal contours, leading to poor esthetics. Over preparation can compromise tooth vitality.The use of indices or suitable depth gauge burs are the two recognized methods of accurate tooth preparation; however, no study to date has investigates the effect of these two guides vis a vis free hand preparation.Methodology:Forty five maxillary left central incisor typodont teeth used in the study were allocated to 3 equal groups as Group A (n=15) : Teeth prepared with free hand approach, Group B(n=15): Teeth prepared using silicon putty index as guide, Group C(n=15) : Teeth prepared with the use of depth gauge burs. Silicon putty replica index made were used for evaluation. The index was sectioned axially along the midline of the prepared tooth and an optical microscope was used for evaluation of the dimensions.Result:This study found that under preparation of the labial aspect of teeth occurred when a freehand approach was adopted for the preparation of teeth to receive metal ceramic crowns ,Labial and incisal reduction was found to be accurate and consistent when teeth were prepared with the aid of depth gauge burs and silicone indices .Conclusion: Whenever the clinical situation permits considerable importance should be given to the use of putty index and depth gauge burs

USFDA BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF MEDICAL DEVICES

In this paper, I will give an extensive account of the regulatory process governing the food and Drug administration (FDA) of United States; dealing with the safety, efficacy, and quality control of the medical devices. It draws the reader’s attention to the history of the regulation of using medical devices with references to such legislations as Medical Device Amendments of 1976 and the FDA Safety and Innovation Act of 2012. The division of the devices according to the level of risks into Classes I, II, and III is mentioned, and the biocompatibility and safety testing with detailed description as provided in ISO 10993 portrays. The similarity between ISO 14971 corresponded to risk management procedures and ISO 13485 and cGMP to quality management systems in order to demonstrate regulatory stringency. Post-market surveillance processes are also discussed such as the MAUDE database and the 510 (k) / 522 pathways. In general, this paper supports the necessity of effective and changing regulation system to find the balance between medical innovations and the safety of population

A STUDY OF INTERPRETABLE AI AND MLWITHIN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS

The healthcare sector is particularly sensitive, as it pertains to individuals' lives, necessitating that decisions be made with great care and based on robust evidence. Nevertheless, the majority of AI and ML systems are intricate and fail to offer clarity on how issues are resolved or the rationale behind proposed decisions. This deficiency in interpretability is a primary factor hindering the widespread adoption of certain AI and ML models in practical settings like healthcare. Consequently, it would be advantageous for AI and ML models to furnish explanations that empower physicians to make informed, data-driven decisions, ultimately enhancing the quality of service. Recently, numerous initiatives have been undertaken to propose interpretable machine learning models that are more user-friendly and applicable in real-world scenarios. This paper intends to deliver a thorough survey and explore the phenomena of Interpretable AI and ML models along with their applications in healthcare. It addresses the essential characteristics, theoretical foundations required for the development of IML, and emerging technologies, as well as the top ten areas within healthcare