1,235 research outputs found

    The history and properties of ultrasonic inhomogeneous waves

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    The radiation mode theory in ultrasonics

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    Far Eastern Promises : The Failed Expedition of the Hudson’s Bay Company in Kamchatka and Eastern Siberia (1919–1925)

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    The article was submitted on 21.12.2018.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Компании Π“ΡƒΠ΄Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π° (ΠšΠ“Π—) ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Восточной Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ врСмя ΠΈ послС ГраТданской Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ (1919–1925). Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· самых ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ иностранных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ вСсти Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π² совСтской России, ΠΈ, Π² связи с этим, ΠΎΠ½Π° прСдставляСт большой интСрСс, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ свСт Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ совСтского государства ΠΈ иностранных ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ экспСдиция часто трактуСтся ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ прСдставлСния ΠšΠ“Π— ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… политичСских рисках. Однако Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ настаиваСт Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ взглядС Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡŽ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ спСцифики вСдСния Π΄Π΅Π», гСоэкономичСских особСнностСй Арктики ΠΈ историчСских событий, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ торговля Π² Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π² дСсятилСтия, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅. АмСриканскиС Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· Нома ΠΈ Аляски ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅. Им ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ систСму, благодаря ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Ρ‹, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΈ русскому насСлСнию Π”Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Востока, Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π° (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡƒ Π±Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²Π°Π»ΡŽΡ‚Ρƒ). Π’Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эта систСма сдСлала мСстных ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ зависимыми ΠΎΡ‚ иностранных поставок. ΠšΠ“Π— Ρ…ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ этот ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ Π½Π° ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ взаимодСйствиС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, ΠΈ, ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π³ΠΎ, Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ Π² стратСгии экспансии ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ наступлСниСм XX Π². ΠšΠ“Π— Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ посты Π½Π° канадских арктичСских тСрриториях Π² качСствС Π°Π»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ КанадС, Π³Π΄Π΅ конкурСнция Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° слишком высока. Π’ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ освоСниС ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Π² этой связи выглядСло Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… дальнСйшСй экспансии ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π» Π½Π° Π”Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΌ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Ρƒ частных ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ особых ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, связанных с этой Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ: государствСнноС присутствиС Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ, нСсмотря Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° власти. Настоящая ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠšΠ“Π— Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅, наняв мСстных посрСдников, Π° слоТности вСдСния Π΄Π΅Π» Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ связаны Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ с Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ политичСских рисков, Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ компания испытывала ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ логистичСскиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ Π² суровом Π΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅, нСсмотря Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΅. ВосстановлСниС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ цСлостности ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ сотрудничСству Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  ΠΈ ΠšΠ“Π—, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  нСобходимости обСспСчСния Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ такая ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° шла Π²Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅Π· с государствСнной ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡŽ. БотрудничСство Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠšΠ“Π— ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ компания считала условия Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ нСпрСдсказуСмыми.This article is devoted to the attempt of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) to create a new fur trading empire in Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka during and after the Civil War (1919–1925). It was one of the most controversial and substantial attempts by a foreign company to do business in Soviet Russia, and therefore is a unique case study for understanding the relationship between the young USSR and foreign business. The Kamchatka expedition is often understood as a case of the HBC’s naΓ―ve and poor judgment of the political risks involved. However, this article argues for a broader understanding of the expedition, one that takes into account specific business strategies, geo-economic Arctic developments, and the historical conditions in which trade in the area had unfolded in the decades leading up to the First World War. Concerning the last point, American traders based in Nome and Alaska had successfully traded in the Kamchatka area and set up a system in which they provided supplies to native and Russian communities in the Far East in return for furs (either by barter or for legal tender). Importantly, the system made inhabitants of the area dependent upon these supplies. The HBC’s endeavor in Kamchatka was an attempt to take over and continue these lucrative operations, but it also suited its expansionist business strategy elsewhere. From the early twentieth century, the HBC had been setting up new trade posts in the Canadian Arctic in a response to suffocating competition in mainland Canada. As such, the Kamchatka operation seemed like a logical extension of this expansionist strategy. In addition, doing business in the high north led private business to form specific expectations: state presence in the area was feeble, regardless of its political allegiance. The article, then, explores the fortunes of the company in Siberia. It shows that the company easily adapted to local conditions by successfully contracting local middlemen. It also shows that the difficulties of operating in the area were not only caused by underestimation of the political risks, but also because the company suffered from enormous logistical problems: it also had trouble adapting to the environmental circumstances, despite its experience in remote territories. The eventual restoration of territorial integrity initially brought about cooperation between the USSR and the HBC, illustrating that the USSR was aware of the pressing need to supply the area, even though such a policy was at odds with the state monopoly on trade. The cooperation ended with the withdrawal of the HBC, as it considered trade conditions too unpredictable

    Communications Between Pregnant Women and Maternity Care Clinicians

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    This survey study assesses patients’ self-reported communication experiences with their maternity care clinicians and examines the association of these experiences with women’s reports of feeling pressure to have interventions during delivery

    Mii and MiiBump: Supporting pregnant women to continue or commence an active lifestyle

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    The purpose of this study was to investigate how women perceive exercising during pregnancy and whether existing technologies could be used to support active behaviours. Information for pregnant women who wish to continue or start exercising is limited and not readily offered. With the ever growing capability and accessibility to technologies research is warranted to investigate whether it could be used to help support exercising during pregnancy. An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to conduct in-depth interviews with five women, via purposive sampling. The data revealed that the participants perceived a number of barriers to active behaviours, such as the lack of a pregnant buddy with which to exercise. A lack of provided information was evident with the women claiming to have sought appropriate information themselves. Findings highlighted the potential for existing technologies to be utilised in order to support and enhance exercise behaviours during pregnancy
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