1,235 research outputs found
Far Eastern Promises : The Failed Expedition of the Hudsonβs Bay Company in Kamchatka and Eastern Siberia (1919β1925)
The article was submitted on 21.12.2018.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΡΠ΄Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π° (ΠΠΠ) ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ (1919β1925). ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π», Π³Π΅ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π° (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ). ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΠ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ XX Π². ΠΠΠ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ: Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠΠ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅, Π½Π°Π½ΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π· Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Ρ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ.This article is devoted to the attempt of the Hudsonβs Bay Company (HBC) to create a new fur trading empire in Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka during and after the Civil War (1919β1925). It was one of the most controversial and substantial attempts by a foreign company to do business in Soviet Russia, and therefore is a unique case study for understanding the relationship between the young USSR and foreign business. The Kamchatka expedition is often understood as a case of the HBCβs naΓ―ve and poor judgment of the political risks involved. However, this article argues for a broader understanding of the expedition, one that takes into account specific business strategies, geo-economic Arctic developments, and the historical conditions in which trade in the area had unfolded in the decades leading up to the First World War. Concerning the last point, American traders based in Nome and Alaska had successfully traded in the Kamchatka area and set up a system in which they provided supplies to native and Russian communities in the Far East in return for furs (either by barter or for legal tender). Importantly, the system made inhabitants of the area dependent upon these supplies. The HBCβs endeavor in Kamchatka was an attempt to take over and continue these lucrative operations, but it also suited its expansionist business strategy elsewhere. From the early twentieth century, the HBC had been setting up new trade posts in the Canadian Arctic in a response to suffocating competition in mainland Canada. As such, the Kamchatka operation seemed like a logical extension of this expansionist strategy. In addition, doing business in the high north led private business to form specific expectations: state presence in the area was feeble, regardless of its political allegiance. The article, then, explores the fortunes of the company in Siberia. It shows that the company easily adapted to local conditions by successfully contracting local middlemen. It also shows that the difficulties of operating in the area were not only caused by underestimation of the political risks, but also because the company suffered from enormous logistical problems: it also had trouble adapting to the environmental circumstances, despite its experience in remote territories. The eventual restoration of territorial integrity initially brought about cooperation between the USSR and the HBC, illustrating that the USSR was aware of the pressing need to supply the area, even though such a policy was at odds with the state monopoly on trade. The cooperation ended with the withdrawal of the HBC, as it considered trade conditions too unpredictable
Communications Between Pregnant Women and Maternity Care Clinicians
This survey study assesses patientsβ self-reported communication experiences with their maternity care clinicians and examines the association of these experiences with womenβs reports of feeling pressure to have interventions during delivery
Mii and MiiBump: Supporting pregnant women to continue or commence an active lifestyle
The purpose of this study was to investigate how women perceive exercising during pregnancy and whether existing technologies could be used to support active behaviours. Information for pregnant women who wish to continue or start exercising is limited and not readily offered. With the ever growing capability and accessibility to technologies research is warranted to investigate whether it could be used to help support exercising during pregnancy. An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to conduct in-depth interviews with five women, via purposive sampling. The data revealed that the participants perceived a number of barriers to active behaviours, such as the lack of a pregnant buddy with which to exercise. A lack of provided information was evident with the women claiming to have sought appropriate information themselves. Findings highlighted the potential for existing technologies to be utilised in order to support and enhance exercise behaviours during pregnancy
The Development of the PET@home Toolkit using the refined Experience-Based Co- Design Method (EBCD+)
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