Acquisition of natural humoral immunity to <i>P. falciparum</i> in early life in Benin:impact of clinical, environmental and host factors

To our knowledge, effects of age, placental malaria infection, infections during follow-up, nutritional habits, sickle-cell trait and individual exposure to Anopheles bites were never explored together in a study focusing on the acquisition of malaria antibody responses among infants living in endemic areas. Five hundred and sixty-seven Beninese infants were weekly followed-up from birth to 18 months of age. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1 and IgG3 specific for 5 malaria antigens were measured every 3 months. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the effect of each variable on the acquisition of antimalarial antibodies in 6- to 18-month old infants in univariate and multivariate analyses. Placental malaria, nutrition intakes and sickle-cell trait did not influence the infant antibody levels to P. falciparum antigens. In contrary, age, malaria antibody levels at birth, previous and present malaria infections as well as exposure to Anopheles bites were significantly associated with the natural acquisition of malaria antibodies in 6- to 18-month old Beninese infants. This study highlighted inescapable factors to consider simultaneously in an immuno-epidemiological study or a vaccine trial in early life

Infections in Infants during the First 12 Months of Life: Role of Placental Malaria and Environmental Factors

Background: The association between placental malaria (PM) and first peripheral parasitaemias in early infancy was assessed in Tori Bossito, a rural area of Benin with a careful attention on transmission factors at an individual level. Methodology: Statistical analysis was performed on 550 infants followed weekly from birth to 12 months. Malaria transmission was assessed by anopheles human landing catches every 6 weeks in 36 sampling houses and season defined by rainfall. Each child was located by GPS and assigned to the closest anopheles sampling house. Data were analysed by survival Cox models, stratified on the possession of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) at enrolment. Principal Findings: Among infants sleeping in a house with an ITN, PM was found to be highly associated to first malaria infections, after adjusting on season, number of anopheles, antenatal care (ANC) visits and maternal severe anaemia. Infants born from a malaria infected placenta had a 2.13 fold increased risk to present a first malaria infection than those born from a non infected placenta ([1.24-3.67], p<0.01) when sleeping in a house with an ITN. The risk to present a first malaria infection was increased by 3.2 to 6.5, according to the level of anopheles exposure (moderate or high levels, compared to the absence of anopheles). Conclusions: First malaria infections in early childhood can be attributed simultaneously to both PM and high levels of exposure to infected anopheles. Protective measures as Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) and ITNs, targeted on both mothers and infants should be reinforced, as well as the research on new drugs and insecticides. In parallel, investigations on placental malaria have to be strengthened to better understand the mechanisms involved, and thus to protect adequately the infants high risk group

Association of IL-4 and IL-10 maternal haplotypes with immune responses to P. falciparum in mothers and newborns

Abstract Background: Particular cytokine gene polymorphisms are involved in the regulation of the antibody production. The consequences of already described IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 gene polymorphisms on biological parameters and antibody levels were investigated among 576 mothers at delivery and their newborns in the context of P. falciparum placental malaria infection. Methods: The study took place in the semi-rural area of Tori-Bossito, in south-west Benin, where malaria is meso-endemic. Six biallelic polymorphisms were determined by quantitative PCR using TaqMan W Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping Assays, in IL-4 (rs2243250, rs2070874), IL-10 (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872) and IL-13 (rs1800925) genes. Antibody responses directed to P. falciparum MSP-1, MSP-2, MSP-3, GLURP-R0, GLURP-R2 and AMA-1 recombinant proteins were determined by ELISA. Results: The maternal IL-4 −590 *T/IL-4 +33 *T haplotype (one or two copies) was associated with favorable maternal condition at delivery (high haemoglobin levels, absence of placental parasites) and one of its component, the IL-4 −590 TT genotype, was related to low IgG levels to MSP-1, MSP-2/3D7 and MSP-2/FC27. Inversely, the maternal IL-10 −1082 AA was positively associated with P. falciparum placenta infection at delivery. As a consequence, the IL-10 −819 *T allele (in CT and TT genotypes) as well as the IL-10 −1082 *A/IL-10 −819 *T/IL-10 −592 *A haplotype (one or two copies) in which it is included, were related to an increased risk for anaemia in newborns. The maternal IL-10 −1082 AA genotype was related to high IgG levels to MSP-2/3D7 and AMA-1 in mothers and newborns, respectively. The IL-13 gene polymorphism was only involved in the newborn&apos;s antibody response to AMA-1. Conclusion: These data revealed that IL-4 and IL-10 maternal gene polymorphisms are likely to play a role in the regulation of biological parameters in pregnant women at delivery (anaemia, P. falciparum placenta infection) and in newborns (anaemia). Moreover, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 maternal gene polymorphisms were related to IgG responses to MSP-1, MSP-2/3D7 and MSP-2/FC27 in mothers as well as to AMA-1 in newborns

Acquisition of malaria specific antibody responses in infants : host, parasite and environmental factors

Quatre études épidémiologiques menées en Afrique ont montré que les enfants issus de mères ayant un placenta infecté par Plasmodium falciparum lors de l’accouchement font des infections palustres plus précocement que les autres enfants. Le fœtus serait sensibilisé in utero par les parasites infectants et développerait par la suite une tolérance aux infections palustres. Cette hypothèse nous conduit à supposer que i) la réponse anticorps spécifique de P. falciparum est différente chez les enfants en fonction du statut infectieux du placenta des mères à l’accouchement et ii) que cette sensibilité ne pourrait être induite que par les antigènes parasitaires porteurs des mêmes polymorphismes que ceux rencontrés in utero. Un troisième projet a consisté au développement d’une méthodologie permettant de distinguer les anticorps maternels de ceux néo-synthétisés par l’enfant dans le but de mesurer précisément l’acquisition de la réponse anticorps élaborée par l’enfant dès son plus jeune âge. Nous avons mis en place le suivi régulier et rapproché d’une cohorte de 620 nouveau-nés de la naissance à 18 mois au Bénin. Nous avons mesuré leurs réponses anticorps dirigées contre sept antigènes de P. falciparum candidats vaccins et constaté que le processus de maturation immunitaire commence à être mis en place à l’âge de 18 mois. L’infection palustre placentaire ne semble pas influer sur l’acquisition de la réponse anticorps spécifique jusqu’à 18 mois de vie. La méthodologie de distinction des anticorps maternels et néo-synthétisés a été validée. La caractérisation des polymorphismes des antigènes parasitaires présents à l’accouchement et pendant le suivi des enfants, mis en relation avec les données environnementales, a permis de valider en partie l’hypothèse de tolérance immunitaire.Four epidemiological studies showed that infants born from mothers with Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria at delivery present a higher susceptibility to plasmodial infections than others. In connection with this observation, we hypothesized that i) the infants’ P. falciparum specific antibody responses are different according to presence or absence of placental malaria at delivery in their mothers and ii) susceptibility could only be induced by antigens that bring the same polymorphisms as those found in infected mothers. Another project consisted to develop a new methodology to distinguish maternal and neonatal antibodies in order to measure accurately neo-synthesized antibodies in the first months of life. A birth cohort of 620 newborns was established in an area endemic for malaria. Infants were followed-up until 18 months of age and their antibody responses specific for 7 P. falciparum antigens were quarterly measured. The emergence of the immune maturation process was observed in 18-months-infants. The acquisition of specific antibody responses was not impacted by placental malaria. The new methodological approach leading to distinguish maternal and neonatal antibodies was validated. The genetic characterization of the parasite antigen polymorphisms in mothers at delivery and their infants during the follow-up, in link to environmental data, led partially to the validation of the immune tolerance hypothesis

Construction de la réponse anticorps spécifique du paludisme chez le jeune enfant : étude combinée de l’hôte, du parasite et de leur environnement

Four epidemiological studies showed that infants born from mothers with Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria at delivery present a higher susceptibility to plasmodial infections than others. In connection with this observation, we hypothesized that i) the infants’ P. falciparum specific antibody responses are different according to presence or absence of placental malaria at delivery in their mothers and ii) susceptibility could only be induced by antigens that bring the same polymorphisms as those found in infected mothers. Another project consisted to develop a new methodology to distinguish maternal and neonatal antibodies in order to measure accurately neo-synthesized antibodies in the first months of life. A birth cohort of 620 newborns was established in an area endemic for malaria. Infants were followed-up until 18 months of age and their antibody responses specific for 7 P. falciparum antigens were quarterly measured. The emergence of the immune maturation process was observed in 18-months-infants. The acquisition of specific antibody responses was not impacted by placental malaria. The new methodological approach leading to distinguish maternal and neonatal antibodies was validated. The genetic characterization of the parasite antigen polymorphisms in mothers at delivery and their infants during the follow-up, in link to environmental data, led partially to the validation of the immune tolerance hypothesis.Quatre études épidémiologiques menées en Afrique ont montré que les enfants issus de mères ayant un placenta infecté par Plasmodium falciparum lors de l’accouchement font des infections palustres plus précocement que les autres enfants. Le fœtus serait sensibilisé in utero par les parasites infectants et développerait par la suite une tolérance aux infections palustres. Cette hypothèse nous conduit à supposer que i) la réponse anticorps spécifique de P. falciparum est différente chez les enfants en fonction du statut infectieux du placenta des mères à l’accouchement et ii) que cette sensibilité ne pourrait être induite que par les antigènes parasitaires porteurs des mêmes polymorphismes que ceux rencontrés in utero. Un troisième projet a consisté au développement d’une méthodologie permettant de distinguer les anticorps maternels de ceux néo-synthétisés par l’enfant dans le but de mesurer précisément l’acquisition de la réponse anticorps élaborée par l’enfant dès son plus jeune âge. Nous avons mis en place le suivi régulier et rapproché d’une cohorte de 620 nouveau-nés de la naissance à 18 mois au Bénin. Nous avons mesuré leurs réponses anticorps dirigées contre sept antigènes de P. falciparum candidats vaccins et constaté que le processus de maturation immunitaire commence à être mis en place à l’âge de 18 mois. L’infection palustre placentaire ne semble pas influer sur l’acquisition de la réponse anticorps spécifique jusqu’à 18 mois de vie. La méthodologie de distinction des anticorps maternels et néo-synthétisés a été validée. La caractérisation des polymorphismes des antigènes parasitaires présents à l’accouchement et pendant le suivi des enfants, mis en relation avec les données environnementales, a permis de valider en partie l’hypothèse de tolérance immunitaire

Construction de la réponse anticorps spécifique du paludisme chez le jeune enfant (étude combinée de l'hôte, du parasite et de leur environnement)

Quatre études épidémiologiques menées en Afrique ont montré que les enfants issus de mères ayant un placenta infecté par Plasmodium falciparum lors de l accouchement font des infections palustres plus précocement que les autres enfants. Le fœtus serait sensibilisé in utero par les parasites infectants et développerait par la suite une tolérance aux infections palustres. Cette hypothèse nous conduit à supposer que i) la réponse anticorps spécifique de P.falciparum est différente chez les enfants en fonction du statut infectieux du placenta des mères à l accouchement et ii) que cette sensibilité ne pourrait être induite que par les antigènes parasitaires porteurs des mêmes polymorphismes que ceux rencontrés in utero. Un troisième projet a consisté au développement d une méthodologie permettant de distinguer les anticorps maternels de ceux néo-synthétisés par l enfant dans le but de mesurer précisément l acquisition de la réponse anticorps élaborée par l enfant dès son plus jeune âge. Nous avons mis en place le suivi régulier et rapproché d une cohorte de 620 nouveau-nés de la naissance à 18 mois au Bénin. Nous avons mesuré leurs réponses anticorps dirigées contre sept antigènes de P.falciparum candidats vaccins et constaté que le processus de maturation immunitaire commence à être mis en place à l âge de 18 mois. L infection palustre placentaire ne semble pas influer sur l acquisition de la réponse anticorps spécifique jusqu à 18 mois de vie. La méthodologie de distinction des anticorps maternels et néo-synthétisés a été validée. La caractérisation des polymorphismes des antigènes parasitaires présents à l accouchement et pendant le suivi des enfants, mis en relation avec les données environnementales, a permis de valider en partie l hypothèse de tolérance immunitaire.Four epidemiological studies showed that infants born from mothers with Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria at delivery present a higher susceptibility to plasmodial infections than others. In connection with this observation, we hypothesized that i) the infants P.falciparum specific antibody responses are different according to presence or absence of placental malaria at delivery in their mothers and ii) susceptibility could only be induced by antigens that bring the same polymorphisms as those found in infected mothers. Another project consisted to develop a new methodology to distinguish maternal and neonatal antibodies in order to measure accurately neo-synthesized antibodies in the first months of life. A birth cohort of 620 newborns was established in an area endemic for malaria. Infants were followed-up until 18 months of age and their antibody responses specific for 7 P.falciparum antigens were quarterly measured. The emergence of the immune maturation process was observed in 18-months-infants. The acquisition of specific antibody responses was not impacted by placental malaria. The new methodological approach leading to distinguish maternal and neonatal antibodies was validated. The genetic characterization of the parasite antigen polymorphisms in mothers at delivery and their infants during the follow-up, in link to environmental data, led partially to the validation of the immune tolerance hypothesis.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocPARIS-BIUM-Bib. électronique (751069903) / SudocSudocFranceF

Mass spectrometry detection of G3m and IGHG3 alleles and follow-up of differential mother and neonate IgG3

PRIFPRI3; ISIPHN

Down-selection of the VAR2CSA DBL1-2 expressed in E. coli as a lead antigen for placental malaria vaccine development

International audienceOver 50 million women are exposed to the risk of malaria during pregnancy every year. Malaria during pregnancy is a leading global cause of maternal morbidity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to placental chondroitin-4-sulfate (CSA) has been linked to the severe disease outcome of placental malaria. Accumulated evidence strongly supports VAR2CSA as the leading placental malaria vaccine candidate. Recombinant proteins encompassing the VAR2CSA high affinity CSA binding site have been generated, and their activity as immunogens that elicit functional (inhibitory) and crossreactive antibodies against CSA-binding parasites assessed. The expression of His-tagged proteins was compared in four different expression systems and their capacity to bind specifically to CSA was analyzed. CHO cells and E. coli SHuffle cells were the two expression systems able to express some of the recombinant proteins in reasonable amounts. Larger analytical scale production of DBL1x-2× (3D7) and DBL3x-4ε (FCR3) best expressed in CHO and E. coli SHuffle cells were performed. Purified proteins were administered to rats either alone or adjuvanted with human approved adjuvants. Analysis of the functionality and cross-reactivity of the induced antibodies allowed us to down-select the DBL1x-2(3D7) expressed in E. coli SHuffle cells as the best antigen to be transitioned to further clinical development in order to protect future pregnant women living in malaria endemic areas against the severe clinical outcomes of placental malaria