Anatomy of the breast

V članku opisana makroskopska in delno mikroskopska anatomija dojke in mečne žleze pri človeku. Poglavju o razvojni anatomiji sledi opisna anatomija, kjer najdemo podatke o velikosti, obliki in topografiji žleze. članek opisuje zgradbo in ciklične spremembe ter spremembe v nosečnosti in v starosti. V zključku je podan še pregled arterijske oskrbe in venske drenaže, opisane so regionalne bezgavke in mezgovni odtok ter oživčenje.The article describes gross and subgross anatomy of the human breast and mammary glands. The part on developmental anatomy is followed by descriptive anatomy where size, shape and position of the gland are described. Structure of the gland and its cyclic changes as well as changes in pregnancy are discussed. The article concludes with description of arterial supply and venous drainage, regional lymph nodes and lymphatic drainage and nerve supply

Surgical Workshop on Liver Surgery Using Isolated Perfused Livers in Moulded Casts of the Upper Abdomen

The basic training in liver surgery on isolated perfused livers used at the workshop in the First Surgical Course of the Alps—Adriatic Hepatobiliary School is presented. The methods for the excision, preservation, perfusion and preparation of the liver are described, as is the manner of manufacturing the upper abdomen moulded casts, into which an isolated perfused liver is placed for training. The methods proved to be sufficiently successful, enabling participants to perform basic liver surgery like an intraoperative ultrasound investigation, as well as liver dissection techniques, liver suturing, segmental resection and even hepatectomy. Some technical improvements are proposed for future surgical workshops, such as washing out the blood from the liver, and a triple perfusion

Anatomical variations in the pattern of the right hepatic veins: possibilities for type classification

A morphological study of the right hepatic veins (RHVv) was conducted based on the shape and the confluence pattern of the superior right hepatic vein (SRHV) and the presence of accessory right hepatic veins. The study was performed in 110 undamaged, randomly selected, cadaveric human livers prepared using the corrosion cast methodology. The principles for classifying the RHVv into types were as follows: the length of the vein trunk, the confluence of 2 or 3 main tributaries that form a trunk, and the accessory right hepatic veins that modify the venous drainage of the right side of the liver. Four types of SRHV were identified. Type 1 (20%), type 2 (40%) and type 3 (25%) were the most common, while type 4 (15%) was linked to the accessory right hepatic veins in cases where they drain a surgically important part of the liver. Accessory right hepatic veins were found in a total of 31 casts (28%). The hepatocaval confluence was studied and the tributary-free part of the SRHV trunk before it entered the inferior vena cava was measured. The tributary-free part of the SRHV was longer than 1 cm in 77% of the casts. Anastomoses between the terminal tributaries of the veins involved in the drainage of the right side of the liver were also investigated

Polymorphisms in the 3′ Untranslated Region of the IκB/MAD-3 (NFKBI) Gene Located on Chromosome 14

The NF-κB transcription factor regulates the expression of a number of genes, including immune function and growth control loci, and several viruses. For example, the long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus contains NF-κB binding sites. NF-κB activity in the nucleus is regulated by a cellular inhibitory protein IκB. To analyze the potential role of these genes in genetic disease we have mapped the NF-κB (NFKB2) and IκB/MAD-3 (NFKBI) loci in a panel of somatic cell hybrids to chromosomes 4 and 14, respectively. Amplification of the 3′ untranslated region of NFKBI allows the detection of three independent polymorphisms within 410 bp. In combination these polymorphisms were informative in 27 of 36 CEPH families and allowed the gene to be placed onto the linkage map of chromosome 14, between the D14S32 and D14S42 markers

Impacts to the chest of PMHSs – Influence of impact location and loaddistribution on chest response

The chest response of the human body has been studied for several load conditions, but is not well known in the case of steering wheel rim-to-chest impact in heavy goods vehicle frontal collisions. The aim of this study was to determine the response of the human chest in a set of simulated steering wheel impacts. PMHS tests were carried out and analysed. The steering wheel load pattern was represented by a rigid pendulum with a straight bar-shaped front. A crash test dummy chest calibration pendulum was utilised for comparison. In this study, a set of rigid bar impacts were directed at various heights of the chest, spanning approximately 120 mm around the fourth intercostal space. The impact energy was set below a level estimated to cause rib fracture. The analysed results consist of responses, evaluated with respect to differences in the impacting shape and impact heights on compression and viscous criteria chest injury responses. The results showed that the bar impacts consistently produced lesser scaled chest compressions than the hub; the Middle bar responses were around 90 % of the hub responses. A superior bar impact provided lesser chest compression; the average response was 86 % of the Middle bar response. For inferior bar impacts, the chest compression response was 116 % of the chest compression in the middle. The damping properties of the chest caused the compression to decrease in the high speed bar impacts to 88 % of that in low speed impacts. From the analysis it could be concluded that the bar impact shape provides lower chest criteria responses compared to the hub. Further, the bar responses are dependent on the impact location of the chest. Inertial and viscous effects of the upper body affect the responses. The results can be used to assess the responses of human substitutes such as anthropomorphic test devices and finite element human body models, which will benefit the development process of heavy goods vehicle safety systems