58 research outputs found
Force-Velocity Curves of Motor Proteins Cooperating In Vivo
Motor proteins convert chemical energy into work, thereby generating persistent motion of cellular and subcellular objects. The velocities of motor proteins as a function of opposing loads have been previously determined in vitro for single motors. These single molecule force-velocity curves have been useful for elucidating motor kinetics and for estimating motor performance under physiological loads due to, for example, the cytoplasmic drag force on transported organelles. Here we report forcevelocity curves for single and multiple motors measured in vivo. Using motion enhanced differential interference contrast (MEDIC) movies of living NT2 (neuron-committed teratocarcinoma) cells at 37°C, three parameters were measured-velocity (v), radius (a), and effective cytoplasmic viscosity (n1)-as they applied to moving vesicles. These parameters were combined in Stokes\u27 equation, F= 6panv1, to determine the force, F, required to transport a single intracellular particle at velocity, v. In addition, the number of active motors was inferred from the multimodal pattern seen in a normalized velocity histogram. Using this inference, the resulting in vivo force-velocity curve for a single motor agrees with previously reported in vitro single motor force-velocity curves. Interestingly, however, the curves for two and three motors lie significantly higher in both measured velocity and computed force, which suggests that motors can work cooperatively to attain higher transport forces and velocities
On the Perturbative Solutions of Bohmian Quantum Gravity
In this paper we have solved the Bohmian equations of quantum gravity,
perturbatively. Solutions up to second order are derived explicitly, but in
principle the method can be used in any order. Some consequences of the
solution are disscused.Comment: 14 Pages, RevTeX. To appear in Phys. Rev.
Cross-sectional associations between serum PFASs and inflammatory biomarkers in a population exposed to AFFF-contaminated drinking water
Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread and persistent environmental contaminants. Exposure to several PFASs has been associated with altered immune function in humans, including autoimmune disease and impaired response to vaccination. However, changes to the profile of inflammatory biomarkers in adults exposed to PFASs has not been extensively described. Objective: To estimate cross-sectional associations between serum PFASs and markers of inflammation among adults in a population exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated drinking water. Methods: We quantified concentrations of 48 PFASs in non-fasting serum samples from 212 non-smoking adults. In the same serum samples, we measured concentrations of ten pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We restricted analysis to seven PFASs detected in >85% of participants and the following four cytokines detected in ≥30% of participants: interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α. We fit multiple linear regression or logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, to estimate associations between concentrations of each PFAS and either continuous or categorical (above vs below limit of detection) concentrations of each cytokine. We additionally applied Bayesian kernel machine regression to describe the combined effect of the PFAS mixture on each cytokine outcome. Results: Certain PFAS concentrations in this sample were elevated compared to a US nationally representative sample; median levels of PFHxS, ΣPFOS and ΣPFOA in this sample were 13.8, 2.1 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than medians observed in the U.S. sample. Higher concentrations of multiple PFASs were significantly associated with lower odds of detectable IL-1β. Weaker associations were observed with other cytokines. In general, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids had inverse associations with TNF-α, whereas the perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids showed positive associations. Conclusions: We observed preliminary evidence of altered inflammatory profiles among adults with elevated serum concentrations of PFASs due to contaminated drinking water. Modifications to inflammatory pathways may be one mechanism by which PFAS exposures produce adverse health effects in humans, but this finding requires verification in longitudinal studies as well as phenotypic anchoring to immune function outcomes
On a Neutrino Electroweak Radius
We study a combination of amplitudes for neutrino scattering that can isolate
a (gauge-invariant) difference of chirality-preserving neutrino electroweak
radii for and . This involves both photon and
exchange contributions. It is shown that the construction singles out the
contributions of the hypercharge gauge field in the standard model.
We comment on how gauge-dependent terms from the charge radii cancel with other
terms in the relative electroweak radii defined.Comment: 16 pages, revtex with embedded figure
Pinch Technique and the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism
In this paper we take the first step towards a non-diagrammatic formulation
of the Pinch Technique. In particular we proceed into a systematic
identification of the parts of the one-loop and two-loop Feynman diagrams that
are exchanged during the pinching process in terms of unphysical ghost Green's
functions; the latter appear in the standard Slavnov-Taylor identity satisfied
by the tree-level and one-loop three-gluon vertex. This identification allows
for the consistent generalization of the intrinsic pinch technique to two
loops, through the collective treatment of entire sets of diagrams, instead of
the laborious algebraic manipulation of individual graphs, and sets up the
stage for the generalization of the method to all orders. We show that the task
of comparing the effective Green's functions obtained by the Pinch Technique
with those computed in the background field method Feynman gauge is
significantly facilitated when employing the powerful quantization framework of
Batalin and Vilkovisky. This formalism allows for the derivation of a set of
useful non-linear identities, which express the Background Field Method Green's
functions in terms of the conventional (quantum) ones and auxiliary Green's
functions involving the background source and the gluonic anti-field; these
latter Green's functions are subsequently related by means of a Schwinger-Dyson
type of equation to the ghost Green's functions appearing in the aforementioned
Slavnov-Taylor identity.Comment: 45 pages, uses axodraw; typos corrected, one figure changed, final
version to appear in Phys.Rev.
One loop renormalization of the four-dimensional theory for quantum dilaton gravity.
We study the one loop renormalization in the most general metric-dilaton
theory with the second derivative terms only. The general theory can be divided
into two classes, models of one are equivalent to conformally coupled with
gravity scalar field and also to general relativity with cosmological term. The
models of second class have one extra degree of freedom which corresponds to
dilaton. We calculate the one loop divergences for the models of second class
and find that the arbitrary functions of dilaton in the starting action can be
fine-tuned in such a manner that all the higher derivative counterterms
disappear on shell. The only structures in both classical action and
counterterms, which survive on shell, are the potential (cosmological) ones.
They can be removed by renormalization of the dilaton field which acquire the
nontrivial anomalous dimension, that leads to the effective running of the
cosmological constant. For some of the renormalizable solutions of the theory
the observable low energy value of the cosmological constant is small as
compared with the Newtonian constant. We also discuss another application of
our result.Comment: 21 pages, latex, no figures
The Two-Loop Pinch Technique in the Electroweak Sector
The generalization of the two-loop Pinch Technique to the Electroweak Sector
of the Standard Model is presented. We restrict ourselves to the case of
conserved external currents, and provide a detailed analysis of both the
charged and neutral sectors. The crucial ingredient for this construction is
the identification of the parts discarded during the pinching procedure with
well-defined contributions to the Slavnov-Taylor identity satisfied by the
off-shell one-loop gauge-boson vertices; the latter are nested inside the
conventional two-loop self-energies. It is shown by resorting to a set of
powerful identities that the two-loop effective Pinch Technique self-energies
coincide with the corresponding ones computed in the Background Feynman gauge.
The aforementioned identities are derived in the context of the
Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism, a fact which enables the individual treatment of
the self-energies of the photon and the -boson. Some possible
phenomenological applications are briefly discussed.Comment: 50 pages, uses axodra
Gauge and Scheme Dependence of Mixing Matrix Renormalization
We revisit the issue of mixing matrix renormalization in theories that
include Dirac or Majorana fermions. We show how a gauge-variant on-shell
renormalized mixing matrix can be related to a manifestly gauge-independent one
within a generalized scheme of renormalization. This
scheme-dependent relation is a consequence of the fact that in any scheme of
renormalization, the gauge-dependent part of the mixing-matrix counterterm is
ultra-violet safe and has a pure dispersive form. Employing the unitarity
properties of the theory, we can successfully utilize the afore-mentioned
scheme-dependent relation to preserve basic global or local symmetries of the
bare Lagrangian through the entire process of renormalization. As an immediate
application of our study, we derive the gauge-independent renormalization-group
equations of mixing matrices in a minimal extension of the Standard Model with
isosinglet neutrinos.Comment: 31 pages, LaTeX, uses axodraw.st
Customer emotions in service failure and recovery encounters
Emotions play a significant role in the workplace, and considerable attention has been given to the study of employee emotions. Customers also play a central function in organizations, but much less is known about customer emotions. This chapter reviews the growing literature on customer emotions in employee–customer interfaces with a focus on service failure and recovery encounters, where emotions are heightened. It highlights emerging themes and key findings, addresses the measurement, modeling, and management of customer emotions, and identifies future research streams. Attention is given to emotional contagion, relationships between affective and cognitive processes, customer anger, customer rage, and individual differences
Perfluorinated compounds: emerging POPs with potential immunotoxicity
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been recognized as an important class of environmental contaminants commonly detected in blood samples of both wildlife and humans. These compounds have been in use for more than 60 years as surface treatment chemicals, polymerization aids, and surfactants. They possess a strong carbon-fluorine bond, which leads to their environmental persistence. There is evidence from both epidemiology and laboratory studies that PFCs may be immunotoxic, affecting both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Reported effects of PFCs include decreased spleen and thymus weights and cellularity, reduced specific antibody production, reduced survival after influenza infection, and altered cytokine production. Immunosuppression is a critical effect associated with exposure to PFCs, as it has been reported to reduce antibody responses to vaccination in children. Mounting evidence suggests that immunotoxicity in experimental animals can occur at serum concentrations below, within, or just above the reported range for highly exposed humans and wildlife. Considering bioaccumulation and exposure to multiple PFCs, the risk of immunotoxicity for humans and wildlife cannot be discounted. This review will discuss current and recently published work exploring the immunomodulatory effects of PFCs in experimental animals and humans
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