Towards a politics of witchcraft in early modern England

In this essay, I seek to refocus attention away from the traditional sociological and psychological explanations for belief in witchcraft, and to stress instead the political context in which ideas about witchcraft evolved and changed over time

Endovascular treatment of proximal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: Aneurysms of the proximal segment of the anterior cerebral artery (A1A) are rare and challenging to treat. No information is available regarding their management by endovascular approach. The aim of this study was to report our experience with endovascular treatment (EVT) of A1As. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of our prospectively maintained database identified all A1As treated in our institution. The clinical charts, procedural data, and angiographic results were reviewed. RESULTS: From April 2004 to August 2008, eight patients were identified and presented with an unruptured A1A. All aneurysms but one were <3 mm in diameter and two aneurysms had a perforator at the neck. Surgery was performed in two patients with an aneurysm <2 mm. Six patients were treated by selective embolization including five patients with balloon-assisted coiling (BAC) and/or via a retrograde approach from the contralateral side through the anterior communicating artery. These adjunctive techniques were used to safely catheterize the sac or to protect a branch at the neck. All patients showed an excellent clinical outcome. A complete aneurysm occlusion was obtained in all but one patient. Follow-up imaging in four patients showed stable results. CONCLUSION: EVT of A1As is feasible and associated with good clinical and anatomical results. Because of their location, small size, and close relationship with perforators, EVT frequently requires the use of BAC and/or a retrograde approach. Our results suggest that EVT is an alternative therapeutic option to surgical clipping if the aneurysm size is compatible with selective embolization.Clinical TrialJournal Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Mapping peasant discontent: trespassing on manorial land in fourteenth-century Walsham-le-Willows

In recent years, it has largely been the domain of the landscape archaeologist to uncover and analyse the physical terrain of the late medieval manor. This has provided much material for the examination of ideas of rural power, control and social organisation. Considering the morphology of the settlement and adjacent fieldscape, it is rare, however, to reflect upon the views of the peasantry, who would after all have made up the majority of the population of rural communities. Using evidence gathered from fourteenth-century manorial court rolls, this study examines peasant attitudes to the rural landscape from an historical perspective through the analysis of incidences of trespass on demesne and peasant land in the Suffolk vill of Walsham-le-Willows. Unusually, these documentary sources frequently make reference to the specific location of peasant trespass allowing for a quantitative investigation that reveals something of the motivation behind these seemingly petty and notionally accidental incidents. Traditionally, cases of trespassing on neighbouring land have been considered only fleetingly by historians, since it is generally believed that many incidents were the result of accidental damage by wandering livestock, or that manorial officials used court fines as a means of licensing access. This study shows that the reality was far more complex, and that there was a range of motivational stimuli for these acts