Surveying Athletic Trainers on COVID-19 Incidence and Severity Among Athletes

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Penetapan Kadar Omega-3 Undur-Undur Laut (Emerita emeritus) dalam Bentuk Granul, Bubur, dan Mentah secara Kromatografi Gas

Mole crab is the coastal of biological resources are spreading quite extensive and has a high nutrient content, especially omega-3 fatty acids are good for memory. Omega-3 fatty acids consist of linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA. Mole crab is processed into a granule and instant baby puree with a variety of cooking and processing. This study aims to compare the levels of omega-3 content of granule and puree that has been cooked with mole crab raw without cooking. Mole crab that was acquired, cleaned and dried and then processed into mole crab raw, the roasted dried granule, the granule sun dried, instant puree with the addition of a mole crab, and the instant puree without addition of mole crab (placebo). Samples are extracted using soxhlet with solvents chloroform:methanol (2:1). Analysis using gas chromatography with Nitrogen gas as phases of motion. The content of omega-3 was calculated based on the relative percent and analyzed by Shapiro wilk test for normality test. The result of the experiment showed that total content of omega (linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA) extract of mole crab raw was 44,416 g/100 g, extract of granuleroasted was 52,280 g/100 g, extract of granule-sundried was 29,489 g/100 g, extract of mole crabpuree and extract of puree as a placebo was not detected of omega-3.Undur-undur laut adalah sumber daya hayati pesisir yang sebarannya cukup luas dan mempunyai kandungan gizi yang cukup tinggi terutama asam lemak omega-3 yang baik untuk daya ingat. Asam lemak omega-3 terdiri atas asam linolenat, EPA, dan DHA. Undur-undur laut diolah menjadi granul dan bubur instan bayi dengan berbagai proses pemasakan serta pengolahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kadar kandungan omega-3 granul dan bubur yang telah dimasak dengan tepung undur-undur laut mentah tanpa pemasakan. Undur-undur laut yang didapat, dibersihkan dan dikeringkan kemudian diolah menjadi tepung undur-undur laut mentah, granul yang dikeringkan dengan cara sangrai, granul yang dikeringkan di bawah sinar matahari, bubur instan bayi dengan penambahan undur-undur laut, serta bubur instan bayi tanpa penambahan undur-undur laut (plasebo). Sampel diekstraksi menggunakan soxhlet dengan pelarut kloroform:metanol (2:1). Analisis dilakukan secara kromatografi gas dengan fase gerak gas Nitrogen. Kadar omega-3 dihitung dengan persamaan persen relatif dan dianalisis uji Shapiro Wilk test untuk uji normalitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar omega (asam linolenat, EPA, dan DHA) total ekstrak undur-undur laut mentah sebesar 44,416 g/100 g, ekstrak granul-sangrai sebesar 52,280 g/100 g, ekstrak granul-sinar matahari sebesar 29,489 g/100 g, ekstrak bubur undurundur laut dan bubur plasebo tidak terdeteksi adanya omega-3

Medial patellofemoral ligament injury patterns and associated pathology in lateral patella dislocation: an MRI study

BACKGROUND: Lateral Patella dislocations are common injuries seen in the active and young adult populations. Our study focus was to evaluate medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injury patterns and associated knee pathology using Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies. METHODS: MRI studies taken at one imaging site between January, 2007 to January, 2008 with the final diagnosis of patella dislocation were screened for this study. Of the 324 cases that were found, 195 patients with lateral patellar dislocation traumatic enough to cause bone bruises on the lateral femoral trochlea and the medial facet of the patella were selected for this study. The MRI images were reviewed by three independent observers for location and type of MPFL injury, osteochondral defects, loose bodies, MCL and meniscus tears. The data was analyzed as a single cohort and by gender. RESULTS: This study consisted of 127 males and 68 females; mean age of 23 yrs. Tear of the MPFL at the patellar attachment occurred in 93/195 knees (47%), at the femoral attachment in 50/195 knees (26%), and at both the femoral and patella attachment sites in 26/195 knees (13%). Attenuation of the MPFL without rupture occurred in 26/195 knees (13%). Associated findings included loose bodies in 23/195 (13%), meniscus tears 41/195 (21%), patella avulsion/fracture in 14/195 (7%), medial collateral ligament sprains/tears in 37/195 (19%) and osteochondral lesions in 96/195 knees (49%). Statistical analysis showed females had significantly more associated meniscus tears than the males (27% vs. 17%, p = 0.04). Although not statistically significant, osteochondral lesions were seen more in male patients with acute patella dislocation (52% vs. 42%, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Patients who present with lateral patella dislocation with the classic bone bruise pattern seen on MRI will likely rupture the MPFL at the patellar side. Females are more likely to have an associated meniscal tear than males; however, more males have underlying osteochondral lesions. Given the high percentage of associated pathology, we recommend a MRI of the knee in all patients who present with acute patella dislocation

The effects of thermal capsulorrhaphy of medial parapatellar capsule on patellar lateral displacement

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The effectiveness of thermal shrinkage on the medial parapatellar capsule for treating recurrent patellar dislocation is controversial. One of reasons why it is still controversial is that the effectiveness is still qualitatively measured. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively determine the immediate effectiveness of the medial parapatellar capsule shrinkage as in clinical setting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Nine cadaveric knees were used to collect lateral displacement data before and after medial shrinkage or open surgery. The force and displacement were recorded while a physician pressed the patella from the medial side to mimic the physical exam used in clinic. Ten healthy subjects were used to test the feasibility of the technique on patients and establish normal range of lateral displacement of the patella under a medial force. The force applied, the resulting displacement and the ratio of force over displacement were compared among four data groups (normal knees, cadaveric knees before medial shrinkage, after shrinkage and after open surgery).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Displacements of the cadaveric knees both before and after thermal modification were similar to normal subjects, and the applied forces were significantly higher. No significant differences were found between before and after thermal modification groups. After open surgery, displacements were reduced significantly while applied forces were significantly higher.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>No immediate difference was found after thermal shrinkage of the medial parapatellar capsule. Open surgery immediately improved of the lateral stiffness of the knee capsule.</p