Structure, properties, and geological aspects of frost in a freeze-thaw environment

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Science and technology of BOREXINO: A Real time detector for low-energy solar neutrinos: A Real Time Detector for Low Energy Solar Neutrinos

BOREXINO, a real-time device for low energy neutrino spectroscopy is nearing completion of construction in the underground laboratories at Gran Sasso, Italy (LNGS). The experiment's goal is the direct measurement of the flux of 7Be solar neutrinos of all flavors via neutrino-electron scattering in an ultra-pure scintillation liquid. Seeded by a series of innovations which were brought to fruition by large scale operation of a 4-ton test detector at LNGS, a new technology has been developed for BOREXINO. It enables sub-MeV solar neutrino spectroscopy for the first time. This paper describes the design of BOREXINO, the various facilities essential to its operation, its spectroscopic and background suppression capabilities and a prognosis of the impact of its results towards resolving the solar neutrino problem. BOREXINO will also address several other frontier questions in particle physics, astrophysics and geophysics

Machine learning uncovers the most robust self-report predictors of relationship quality across 43 longitudinal couples studies

Given the powerful implications of relationship quality for health and well-being, a central mission of relationship science is explaining why some romantic relationships thrive more than others. This large-scale project used machine learning (i.e., Random Forests) to 1) quantify the extent to which relationship quality is predictable and 2) identify which constructs reliably predict relationship quality. Across 43 dyadic longitudinal datasets from 29 laboratories, the top relationship-specific predictors of relationship quality were perceived-partner commitment, appreciation, sexual satisfaction, perceived-partner satisfaction, and conflict. The top individual-difference predictors were life satisfaction, negative affect, depression, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety. Overall, relationship-specific variables predicted up to 45% of variance at baseline, and up to 18% of variance at the end of each study. Individual differences also performed well (21% and 12%, respectively). Actor-reported variables (i.e., own relationship-specific and individual-difference variables) predicted two to four times more variance than partner-reported variables (i.e., the partner’s ratings on those variables). Importantly, individual differences and partner reports had no predictive effects beyond actor-reported relationship-specific variables alone. These findings imply that the sum of all individual differences and partner experiences exert their influence on relationship quality via a person’s own relationship-specific experiences, and effects due to moderation by individual differences and moderation by partner-reports may be quite small. Finally, relationship-quality change (i.e., increases or decreases in relationship quality over the course of a study) was largely unpredictable from any combination of self-report variables. This collective effort should guide future models of relationships

Initiation of rrn transcription in chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis bacillaris

The site of initiation of chloroplast rRNA synthesis was determined by Sl-mapping and by sequencing primary rRNA transcripts specifically labeled at their 5′-end. Transcription initiates at a single site 53 nucleotides upstream of the 5'-end of the mature 16S rRNA under all growth conditions examined. The initiation site is within a DNA sequence that is highly homologous to and probably derived from a tRNA gene-region located elsewhere in the chloroplast genome. A nearly identical sequence (102 of 103 nucleotides) is present near the replication origin. The near identity of the two sequences suggests a common mode for control of transcription of the rRNA genes and initiation of chloroplast DNA replication. The related sequence in the tRNA gene-region does not appear to serve as a transcript initiation site.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46967/1/294_2004_Article_BF00521275.pd

The "brain-sparing" effect: antenatal cerebral Doppler findings in relation to neurologic outcome in very preterm infants

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the relationship between fetal cerebral circulation and neurologic outcome. STUDY DESIGN: In 117 high-risk fetuses (gestational age 25 to 33 weeks) flow velocity waveforms were recorded from the umbilical and medial cerebral arteries. The ratio between umbilical and cerebral pulsatility indexes was calculated. A ratio above a predefined tolerance limit was used as an index for the "brain-sparing" effect. Neonatal neurosonography and neurologic examination were used as outcome parameters. RESULTS: Antenatally raised ratios are associated with poor obstetric outcome (fetal death and fetal growth retardation). The incidence of intracranial hemorrhages and ischemic lesions was not different for infants with a normal or raised prenatal ratio. The incidence of neurologic abnormalities was the same for both ratio groups. CONCLUSIONS: The "brain-sparing" effect is a mechanism to prevent fetal brain hypoxia rather than a sign of impending brain damag

SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS AND X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF 2 PHOSPHOLIPASE-A2 MUTANTS - Y52F AND Y73F

Tyr52 and Tyr73 are conserved amino acid residues throughout all vertebrate phospholipases A2. They are part of an extended hydrogen bonding system that links the N-terminal alpha-NH+-group to the catalytic residues His48 and Asp99. These tyrosines were replaced by phenylalanines in a porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 mutant, in which residues 62 - 66 had been deleted (DELTA62 - 66PLA2). The mutations did not affect the catalytic properties of the enzyme, nor the folding kinetics. The stability against denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride was decreased, however. To analyse how the enzyme compensates for the loss of the tyrosine hydroxyl group, the X-ray structures of the DELTAY52F and DELTAY73F mutants were determined. After crystallographic refinement the final crystallographic R-factors were 18.1% for the DELTAY52F mutant (data between 7 and 2.3 angstrom resolution) and 19.1% for the DELTAY73F mutant (data between 7 and 2.4 angstrom resolution). No conformational changes occurred in the mutants compared with the DELTA62 - 66PLA2, but an empty cavity formed at the site of the hydroxyl group of the former tyrosine. In both mutants the Asp99 side chain loses one of its hydrogen bonds and this might explain the observed destabilization