Exploring the Professional Identity Development of Counselors-In-Training through Experiential Small Groups

The concept of professional identity of counselors is a recent area of focus within the counseling profession. The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs standards for counselor education programs of all specialties reflect the trend towards establishing a strong professional identity for counselors. One factor shown to be influential in professional identity development has been experiential learning opportunities, which allow counselors-in-training to develop an individual professional identity through application of educational content in real-world scenarios. The literature suggests experiential learning is a pivotal opportunity for professional identity development for entry-level counseling students. One opportunity for experiential learning, which may inform professional identity development, is the small group experience with the Group Counseling and Group Work requirements of the accreditation standards. The current study explored the small group experiences of entry-level counseling students enrolled in accredited universities. This study employed three, online hermeneutic phenomenological focus groups including nine participants as a method for discovery of the professional identity development within the small group experience. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of online focus groups yielded themes professional identity development and dual relationships. Discussion of themes and subthemes of parallel process and barriers to disclosure discovered through analysis, include illustration with exemplar quotes from participants. This dissertation offers discussion of findings, implications for practice, considerations for future research, and limitations of the current study

The K186E amino acid substitution in the canine influenza virus H3N8 NS1 protein restores its ability to inhibit host gene expression

Canine influenza viruses (CIVs) are the causative agents of canine influenza, a contagious respiratory disease in dogs, and include the equine-origin H3N8 and the avian-origin H3N2. Influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor essential for counteracting the innate immune response. Here, we evaluated the ability of H3N8 CIV NS1 to inhibit host innate immune responses. We found that H3N8 CIV NS1 was able to efficiently counteract interferon (IFN) responses but was unable to block general gene expression in human or canine cells. Such ability was restored by a single amino acid substitution in position 186 (K186E) that resulted in NS1 binding to the 30-kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30), a cellular protein involved in pre-mRNA processing. We also examined the frequency distribution of K186 and E186 among H3N8 CIVs and equine influenza viruses (EIVs), the ancestors of H3N8 CIV, and experimentally determined the impact of amino acid 186 in the ability of different CIV and EIV NS1s to inhibit general gene expression. In all cases, the presence of E186 was responsible for the control of host gene expression. Contrastingly, the NS1 protein of H3N2 CIV harbors E186 and blocks general gene expression in canine cells. Altogether, our results confirm previous studies on the strain-dependent ability of NS1 to block general gene expression. Moreover, the observed polymorphism on amino acid 186 between H3N8 and H3N2 CIVs might be the result of adaptive changes acquired during long-term circulation of avian-origin IAVs in mammals. IMPORTANCE: Canine influenza is a respiratory disease of dogs caused by two CIV subtypes, the H3N8 and H3N2 viruses of equine and avian origin, respectively. Influenza NS1 is the main viral factor responsible for the control of host innate immune responses and changes in NS1 can play an important role in host adaptation. Here we assessed the ability of H3N8 CIV NS1 to inhibit host innate immune responses and gene expression. The H3N8 CIV NS1 did not block host gene expression but this activity was restored by a single amino acid substitution (K186E), which was responsible for NS1 binding to the host factor CPSF30. In contrast, the H3N2 CIV NS1, that contains E186, blocks general gene expression. Our results suggest that the ability to block host gene expression is not required for influenza replication in mammals but might be important in the long-term adaptation of avian-origin influenza viruses to mammals

Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease

An important effort has been performed after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 to diagnose and prevent virus spreading. Several types of vaccines have been developed including inactivated viruses, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), DNA vaccines, heterologous expression systems, and vaccines derived from SARS-CoV genome by reverse genetics. This review describes several aspects essential to develop SARS-CoV vaccines, such as the correlates of protection, virus serotypes, vaccination side effects, and bio-safeguards that can be engineered into recombinant vaccine approaches based on the SARS-CoV genome. The production of effective and safe vaccines to prevent SARS has led to the development of promising vaccine candidates, in contrast to the design of vaccines for other coronaviruses, that in general has been less successful. After preclinical trials in animal models, efficacy and safety evaluation of the most promising vaccine candidates described has to be performed in humans

Predictors of burnout for immigrant mental health professionals in the United States

Mental health professionals who identify as immigrants encounter personal and professional barriers that can impact overall wellbeing. The current study conducted a survey of 108 licensed mental health professionals who identify as immigrants practicing in the United States. The survey included demographics as well as assessments of burnout, social support, and migratory grief and loss. The results of this study highlighted that a combination of higher migratory grief and lower perceived social support significantly predicted higher levels of burnout in mental health professionals. Implications for mental health programs, supervisors, and mentors and suggestions for future research are provided

Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use

Influenza A viruses (IAV) spread rapidly and can infect a broad range of avian or mammalian species, having a tremendous impact in human and animal health and the global economy. IAV have evolved to develop efficient mechanisms to counteract innate immune responses, the first host mechanism that restricts IAV infection and replication. One key player in this fight against host-induced innate immune responses is the IAV non-structural 1 (NS1) protein that modulates antiviral responses and virus pathogenicity during infection. In the last decades, the implementation of reverse genetics approaches has allowed to modify the viral genome to design recombinant IAV, providing researchers a powerful platform to develop effective vaccine strategies. Among them, different levels of truncation or deletion of the NS1 protein of multiple IAV strains has resulted in attenuated viruses able to induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses, and high levels of protection against wild-type (WT) forms of IAV in multiple animal species and humans. Moreover, this strategy allows the development of novel assays to distinguish between vaccinated and/or infected animals, also known as Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) strategy. In this review, we briefly discuss the potential of NS1 deficient or truncated IAV as safe, immunogenic and protective live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) to prevent disease caused by this important animal and human pathogen

El crecimiento de Soacha (1970- 2020), una oportunidad para aprender el tiempo histórico en el liceo cristiano semilla de vida

La presente tesis busca principalmente identificar mejoras en las relaciones históricas, geográficas y sociales que alcanzan los estudiantes, a partir de la implementación de una unidad didáctica enmarcada en los principales cambios del municipio de Soacha entre los años 1970–2020. El objetivo principal de esta se centró en establecer relaciones de causalidad y temporalidad dentro del proceso de enseñanza de las ciencias sociales en estudiantes de grado tercero del Liceo Cristiano Semilla de Vida ubicado en el Municipio de Soacha (Cundinamarca). Como resultado de la investigación se pudo evidenciar falencias dentro del análisis de las diferentes categorías planteadas, sin embargo, a medida de que fue avanzando el desarrollo de la unidad didáctica se demostró que el análisis y las relaciones de cambio, permanencia y causalidad fueron realizadas con alto nivel de apropiación y pensamiento crítico por parte de los estudiantes, lo cual es un fuerte indicio de la utilidad pedagógica de los instrumentos y herramientas contenidos en la unidad didáctica.This thesis mainly seeks to identify improvements in the historical, geographical and social relationships that students achieve, from the implementation of a didactic unit framed in the main changes of the municipality of Soacha between the years 1970-2020. The main objective of this was focused on establishing causal and temporal relationships within the process of teaching social sciences in third grade students of the Christian Seed of Life High School located in the Municipality of Soacha (Cundinamarca). As a result of the research, it was possible to show shortcomings within the analysis of the different categories proposed, however, as the development of the didactic unit progressed, it was shown that the analysis and the relations of change, permanence and causality were carried out with high level of appropriation and critical thinking on the part of the students, which is a strong indication of the pedagogical usefulness of the instruments and tools contained in the didactic unit

The K186E Amino Acid Substitution in the Canine Influenza Virus H3N8 NS1 Protein Restores Its Ability To Inhibit Host Gene Expression

Canine influenza viruses (CIVs) are the causative agents of canine influenza, a contagious respiratory disease in dogs, and include the equine-origin H3N8 and the avian-origin H3N2. Influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a virulence factor essential for counteracting the innate immune response. Here, we evaluated the ability of H3N8 CIV NS1 to inhibit host innate immune responses. We found that H3N8 CIV NS1 was able to efficiently counteract interferon (IFN) responses but was unable to block general gene expression in human or canine cells. Such ability was restored by a single amino acid substitution in position 186 (K186E) that resulted in NS1 binding to the 30-kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30), a cellular protein involved in pre-mRNA processing. We also examined the frequency distribution of K186 and E186 among H3N8 CIVs and equine influenza viruses (EIVs), the ancestors of H3N8 CIV, and experimentally determined the impact of amino acid 186 in the ability of different CIV and EIV NS1s to inhibit general gene expression. In all cases, the presence of E186 was responsible for the control of host gene expression. Contrastingly, the NS1 protein of H3N2 CIV harbors E186 and blocks general gene expression in canine cells. Altogether, our results confirm previous studies on the strain-dependent ability of NS1 to block general gene expression. Moreover, the observed polymorphism on amino acid 186 between H3N8 and H3N2 CIVs might be the result of adaptive changes acquired during long-term circulation of avian-origin IAVs in mammals. IMPORTANCE: Canine influenza is a respiratory disease of dogs caused by two CIV subtypes, the H3N8 and H3N2 viruses of equine and avian origin, respectively. Influenza NS1 is the main viral factor responsible for the control of host innate immune responses and changes in NS1 can play an important role in host adaptation. Here we assessed the ability of H3N8 CIV NS1 to inhibit host innate immune responses and gene expression. The H3N8 CIV NS1 did not block host gene expression but this activity was restored by a single amino acid substitution (K186E), which was responsible for NS1 binding to the host factor CPSF30. In contrast, the H3N2 CIV NS1, that contains E186, blocks general gene expression. Our results suggest that the ability to block host gene expression is not required for influenza replication in mammals but might be important in the long-term adaptation of avian-origin influenza viruses to mammals

A live attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is immunogenic and efficacious in Golden Syrian hamsters

The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine consisting of a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus lacking the E gene (rSARS-CoV-ΔE) were studied using hamsters. Hamsters immunized with rSARS-CoV-ΔE developed high serum-neutralizing antibody titers and were protected from replication of homologous (SARS-CoV Urbani) and heterologous (GD03) SARS-CoV in the upper and lower respiratory tract. rSARS-CoV-ΔE-immunized hamsters remained active following wild-type virus challenge, while mock-immunized hamsters displayed decreased activity. Despite being attenuated in replication in the respiratory tract, rSARS-CoV-ΔE is an immunogenic and efficacious vaccine in hamsters.This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NIAID; by NIH AID AI059136; and by the European Community (projects DISSECT SP22-CT-2004-511060 and Rivigene SSPE-CT-2005-022639)