Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of Italian salami made of lamb and enriched with pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Cambess)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the inclusion of different levels of pequi (Caryocar Brasiliense, Cambess) pulp in the processing of Italian salami made of lamb for the evaluation of their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. Six formulations of Italian salamis were processed: no pequi pulp (control - treatment 1); 4% pequi pulp (treatment 2); 8% pequi pulp (treatment 3), 12% pequi pulp (Treatment 4), 16% pequi pulp (treatment 5) and 20% pequi pulp (treatment 6). During the maturation period, all Italian salamis made of lamb enriched with pequi presented similar behaviors; and acidity (pH) and water activity (aw) results showed stable end values. For protein, the Italian salami made of lamb without pequi pump presented a higher content. For one of the lowest contents of fat, treatment 3 showed the highest content of humidity. The contents of fat and ashes did not present any significant difference when comparing the Italian salami formulations. A color tending to dark, yellowish and reddish shades was observed in the Italian salamis made of lamb and enriched with pequi. All Italian salamis were microbiologically satisfactory, showing ideal sanitary conditions for consumption. Pequi is a typical fruit from the Brazilian cerrado region, with characteristic color, odor and flavor, and it is an option for inclusion in Italian salamis, but additional studies should be conducted to inspect the sensory acceptability of these products.Keywords: Cerrado fruit, fermented stuffed meat sausages, physicochemical parameters, microbiological parameters

Gastrointestinal parasitism in Miranda donkeys : epidemiology and selective control of strongyles infection in the Northeast of Portugal

Research Areas: Agriculture ; Veterinary Sciences ; ZoologyIn Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p < 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Undergraduate medical textbooks do not provide adequate information on intravenous fluid therapy: a systematic survey and suggestions for improvement

&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Inappropriate prescribing of intravenous (IV) fluid, particularly 0.9% sodium chloride, causes post-operative complications. Fluid prescription is often left to junior medical staff and is frequently poorly managed. One reason for poor intravenous fluid prescribing practices could be inadequate coverage of this topic in the textbooks that are used.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; We formulated a comprehensive set of topics, related to important common clinical situations involving IV fluid therapy, (routine fluid replacement, fluid loss, fluids overload) to assess the adequacy of textbooks in common use. We assessed 29 medical textbooks widely available to students in the UK, scoring the presence of information provided by each book on each of the topics. The scores indicated how fully the topics were considered: not at all, partly, and adequately. No attempt was made to judge the quality of the information, because there is no consensus on these topics.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; The maximum score that a book could achieve was 52. Three of the topics we chose were not considered by any of the books. Discounting these topics as “too esoteric”, the maximum possible score became 46. One textbook gained a score of 45, but the general score was poor (median 11, quartiles 4, 21). In particular, coverage of routine postoperative management was inadequate.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Textbooks for undergraduates cover the topic of intravenous therapy badly, which may partly explain the poor knowledge and performance of junior doctors in this important field. Systematic revision of current textbooks might improve knowledge and practice by junior doctors. Careful definition of the remit and content of textbooks should be applied more widely to ensure quality and “fitness for purpose”, and avoid omission of vital knowledge

Analysis of the Reaction Rate Coefficients for Slow Bimolecular Chemical Reactions

Simple bimolecular reactions $A_1+A_2\rightleftharpoons A_3+A_4$ are analyzed within the framework of the Boltzmann equation in the initial stage of a chemical reaction with the system far from chemical equilibrium. The Chapman-Enskog methodology is applied to determine the coefficients of the expansion of the distribution functions in terms of Sonine polynomials for peculiar molecular velocities. The results are applied to the reaction $H_2+Cl\rightleftharpoons HCl+H$, and the influence of the non-Maxwellian distribution and of the activation-energy dependent reactive cross sections upon the forward and reverse reaction rate coefficients are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, to appear in vol.42 of the Brazilian Journal of Physic

Custo de produção de mudas clonais de Café Arábica produzidas por embriogênese somática

A produção de mudas clonais de café pode ser feita de diferentes formas. Entretanto, a produção por embriogênese somática é a que tem despontado como a mais promissora. A embriogênese somática permite a produção de mudas em larga escala a partir de folhas usadas como explantes. Plantas obtidas por esse processo apresentam comportamento semelhante ao de plantas oriundas de sementes, não havendo limitação para a sua utilização comercial. A produção de mudas clonais de café é realizada em laboratórios de cultura de tecidos adaptados para a produção em escala industrial, denominados de biofábricas. Todavia, a produção de mudas clonais via embriogênese somática é uma técnica que ainda não foi explorada comercialmente no Brasil e não existe uma estimativa do custo de produção de mudas clonais de café arábica. Assim, o objetivo no presente trabalho foi calcular o custo de produção de mudas clonais de café em uma biofábrica de pequeno porte, tendo-se como base o protocolo desenvolvido pela Fundação Procafé/Embrapa Café, com a colaboração de pesquisadores da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia e do Centro de Cooperação Internacional em Pesquisa Agronômica para o Desenvolvimento, CIRAD, França. Este trabalho apresenta também uma relação dos equipamentos e materiais necessários para a produção de mudas de café in vitro. O custo de produção de uma muda foi de R$0,97 para uma produção anual de 400.000 mudas, utilizando-se o plantio de embriões pré-germinados diretamente em tubetes. Caso a etapa de produção de plântulas em potes in vitro seja utilizada, o custo de produção passa a ser de R$1,34

Regionalização para o cultivo do feijão no Rio Grande do Sul com base na interação genótipo x ambiente¹.

bitstream/item/59171/1/Iraja-V59N002P19810.pd

Galileons as Wess-Zumino Terms

We show that the galileons can be thought of as Wess-Zumino terms for the spontaneous breaking of space-time symmetries. Wess-Zumino terms are terms which are not captured by the coset construction for phenomenological Lagrangians with broken symmetries. Rather they are, in d space-time dimensions, d-form potentials for (d+1)-forms which are non-trivial co-cycles in Lie algebra cohomology of the full symmetry group relative to the unbroken symmetry group. We introduce the galileon algebras and construct the non-trivial (d+1)-form co-cycles, showing that the presence of galileons and multi-galileons in all dimensions is counted by the dimensions of particular Lie algebra cohomology groups. We also discuss the DBI and conformal galileons from this point of view, showing that they are not Wess-Zumino terms, with one exception in each case.Comment: 49 pages. v2 minor changes, version appearing in JHE

Atenção básica e o uso de álcool e drogas por adolescentes:: prevenção e conduta

A adolescência é um período especial na vida do indivíduo, de transformação no âmbito emocional, psíquico, cognitivo e social. O adolescente muitas vezes é pressionado a iniciar consumo de álcool e drogas para aceitação coletiva. Nesse intuito, o presente trabalho aborda o tema: uso de álcool e drogas por adolescentes, bem como o papel da atenção básica. O trabalho se trata de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, de uma população abrangida por uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Cuiabá. Fundamentado em ampla revisão bibliográfica, seguindo regulamentação do Ministério da Saúde, Código de Ética Médica, Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Tem-se dentre os resultados que 17% dos adolescentes afirmam já terem ficado embriagados; 12% dos adolescentes fez ingestão de bebida alcoólica no ultimo mês; dentre outros dados, 8% fazem uso de bebida alcoólica com o consentimento de seus pais ou responsáveis. Neste quadro, questiona-se o papel da atenção básica de saúde, com base na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, e sua necessidade de identificar adolescentes que estão vulneráveis, pois tendem a não procurarem auxílio por se sentirem criminalizados. Conclui-se que deve haver uma abordagem multiprofissional com base na Estratégia Saúde da Família, com o intuito de desenvolver a dinâmica do atendimento em saúde básica, voltada para a prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento de jovens em situação de risco para o uso de álcool e drogas