Aprendizaje flexible y personalizado para atender la diversidad en el aula, mediante la gamificación, a través del uso integrado de un sistema virtual de respuesta en el aula para dispositivos móviles con acceso a internet y una aplicación de screencasting

Sección Deptal. de Farmacología y Toxicología (Veterinaria)Fac. de VeterinariaFALSEsubmitte

Aprendizaje personalizado para facilitar la inserción en el mercado laboral, mediante la gamificación, a través del uso integrado de mundos y sistemas virtuales de respuesta en el aula para dispositivos móviles con acceso a internet

Integración de una aplicación informática propia como sistema de respuesta (clicker) y una aplicación de entorno simulado para facilitar la evaluación continúa de forma personalizada, aumentar la motivación y rendimiento a bajo coste

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Cadmium neurotoxic effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and its implications in the induction of cognitive disfunctions

Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, leída el 20/02/2018El cadmio (Cd) es un compuesto neurotóxico que produce disfunciones cognitivas, aunque los mecanismos implicados son desconocidos. Los procesos de aprendizaje y memoria son regulados por el sistema colinérgico del prosencéfalo basal, por lo tanto, el bloqueo de la transmisión colinérgica o la muerte de neuronas colinérgicas en esta región podrían estar relacionados con el deterioro de la memoria inducido por el cadmio. En este sentido, se ha descrito en otras regiones cerebrales que el cadmio bloquea la transmisión colinérgica a través de la reducción de la actividad de la acetilcolina transferasa (ChAT) y a su vez bloquea receptores muscarínicos, los cuales pueden además de participar en la transmisión colinérgica participar en el mantenimiento de la viabilidad neuronal, específicamente los receptores muscarínicos M1 (RM1). También se ha descrito que induce la muerte selectiva de neuronas colinérgicas a nivel periférico. Además, se ha descrito que el cadmio activa la enzima glucógeno sintetasa quinasa 3 (GSK-3β), induce la fosforilación de proteínas Tau y la formación de proteínas amiloideas beta (Aβ) en regiones cerebrales distintas al prosencéfalo basal, y dichos mecanismos se han relacionado con la inducción de muerte selectiva de neuronas colinérgicas del prosencéfalo basal en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. También, se ha descrito que el cadmio genera especies reactivas de oxigeno (ERO) las cuales pueden inducir los mecanismos descritos. Finalmente, se ha descrito en otras regiones cerebrales que todos estos efectos son regulados por el receptor M1. En consecuencia, nosotros hipotetizamos que el cadmio induce el bloqueo de la transmisión colinérgicas y una muerte selectiva de las neuronas colinérgicas del prosencéfalo basal mediada por la generación de ERO que media en parte el bloqueo de los receptores M1, los cuales desencadenan este efecto a través de la inducción de los mecanismos descritos en otras regiones cerebrales a través de la alteración de la expresión de las variantes de la AChE. Nuestros resultados podrían ayudar a explicar las disfunciones cognitivas observadas en la toxicidad de cadmio...Cadmium (Cd) is a neurotoxic compound that produces cognitive dysfunctions, although the mechanisms involved are unknown. The learning and memory processes are regulated by the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain, therefore blockade of cholinergic transmission or death of cholinergic neurons in this region could be related to the deterioration of cadmiuminduced memory. In this sense, it has been described in other brain regions that cadmium blocks cholinergic transmission through the reduction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and in turn blocks muscarinic receptors which may, in addition to participating in cholinergic transmission, participate in the maintenance of neuronal viability, specifically the muscarinic M1receptor (M1R). It has also been reported to induce selective killing of cholinergic neurons at the peripheral level. In addition, cadmium has been reported to activate the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3β), induces phosphorylation of Tau proteins and formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins in brain regions other than the basal forebrain, and these mechanisms have been linked to the induction of selective killing of cholinergic neurons Of the basal forebrain in Alzheimer's disease. Also, it has been pointed out that cadmium generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can induce the described mechanisms. Finally, it has been described in other brain regions that all these effects are regulated by the M1 receptor. Consequently, we hypothesized that cadmium induces blockade of cholinergic transmission and a selective death of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain mediated by the generation of ROS that partly mediate the blockade of M1 receptors, which trigger this effect through of the induction mechanisms described in other brain regions through altered expression of acethylcholinesterase (AChE) variants. Our results may help explain the cognitive dysfunctions observed in cadmium toxicity...Depto. de Farmacología y ToxicologíaFac. de MedicinaTRUEunpu

Sulfate resistance in OPC and SRPC containing calcined paper sludge waste: ettringite or thaumasite formation

The Le Chatelier–Anstett test was used to study the sulfate resistance of cement pastes containing calcined paper sludge waste (MC). MC was blended with two types of portland cement (PC): P1 with and P2 without C3A (ordinary portland cement, OPC, and sulfate-resistant portland cement, SRPC, respectively). The study of thaumasite formation required the utilization of a third PC, P3. The results showed that sulfate resistance always decreased at higher ratios of PC replacement by MC. This behavior was attributable to the expansive synergic effect (ESE), originated by the coprecipitation of ettringite from two resources in a gypsum and water medium. Part of the ettringite formed rapidly from the Al2O r− 3 in MC, and rapidly or slowly from the C3A in P1, depending on whether its early pozzolanic activity was sufficient or not. Rapid-forming ettringite of both origins was induced by the sufficient specific, fast, and early pozzolanic activity resulting in the indirect stimulation of sulfate-mediated P1 hydration (its C3A content especially) by the metakaolin present in the MC. Where such activity was insufficient, however, slow-forming ettringite was generated, reducing the ESE. The substantial calcite content in MC also played a very significant role in ESE, the result of the stimulation of such hydration, concomitant sulfate attack, and thaumasite formation. Stimulation was both direct (due to initial particle moistening by the mixing water) and nondirect (due, at the very outset, to the positive and negative electrostatic charge acquired by their particles during grinding and/or mixing, and subsequently, to the zeta potential originated as PC hydration progressed). Lastly, calcite (natural or synthesized in portlandite carbonation) was shown to be needed for thaumasite to form, a process not confined solely to low-temperature environments.Peer reviewe

Sulfate resistance in OPC and SRPC containing calcined paper sludge waste: ettringite or thaumasite formation

The Le Chatelier-Anstett test was used to study the sulfate resistance of cement pastes containing calcined paper sludge waste (MC). MC was blended with two types of portland cement (PC): P1 with and P2 without C3AC3A (ordinary portland cement, OPC, and sulfate-resistant portland cement, SRPC, respectively). The study of thaumasite formation required the utilization of a third PC, P3. The results showed that sulfate resistance always decreased at higher ratios of PC replacement by MC. This behavior was attributable to the expansive synergic effect (ESE), originated by the coprecipitation of ettringite from two resources in a gypsum and water medium. Part of the ettringite formed rapidly from the Al2Or?3Al2O3r? in MC, and rapidly or slowly from the C3AC3A in P1, depending on whether its early pozzolanic activity was sufficient or not. Rapid-forming ettringite of both origins was induced by the sufficient specific, fast, and early pozzolanic activity resulting in the indirect stimulation of sulfate-mediated P1 hydration (its C3AC3A content especially) by the metakaolin present in the MC. Where such activity was insufficient, however, slow-forming ettringite was generated, reducing the ESE. The substantial calcite content in MC also played a very significant role in ESE, the result of the stimulation of such hydration, concomitant sulfate attack, and thaumasite formation. Stimulation was both direct (due to initial particle moistening by the mixing water) and nondirect (due, at the very outset, to the positive and negative electrostatic charge acquired by their particles during grinding and/or mixing, and subsequently, to the zeta potential originated as PC hydration progressed). Lastly, calcite (natural or synthesized in portlandite carbonation) was shown to be needed for thaumasite to form, a process not confined solely to low-temperature environments