Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Dynamic orientation of nuclei at low temperatures: A study of the mechanisms of dynamic polarization in polarized targets

Physic

Percepties van burgers over binnen- en buitendijks wonen

Dit onderzoek is bedoeld voor overheden die willen weten waar ze op moeten letten als ze met burgers willen communiceren over de risico\u92s van wateroverlast en overstromingen in buitendijks en binnendijks gebied. Wat zijn dan punten die invloed hebben op de perceptie en het verantwoordelijksbesef van burgers? Welke kenmerken van situaties en personen liggen \u93gevoelig\u94? Deze vragen zijn mede van belang voor beleidsontwikkelingen op het gebied van verzekeringen, adaptief bouwen en zelfredzaamheid.kennis voor klimaa

Large-area selective CVD epitaxial growth of Ge on Si substrates

Selective epitaxial growth of crystalline Ge on Si in a standard ASM Epsilon 2000 CVD reactor is investigated for the fabrication of Ge p+n diodes. At the deposition temperature of 700?C, most of the lattice mismatch-defects are trapped within first 300nm of Ge growth and good quality single crystal Ge is achieved within a layer thickness of approximately 1 ?m on window sizes up to hundreds of ?m2. For p+n junction fabrication, a sequence of pure-Ga and then pure-B depositions are utilized for the ultrashallow p-doping of As-doped Ge-islands. The I-V characterization of the diodes confirms the good quality of the Ge and ideality factors of ~ 1.1 with low saturation currents are reliably achievedDIMESElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

An introduction to the geochemistry and geophysics of the Antarctic mantle

The Antarctic mantle, bounded between the core and the Mohorovicǐćdiscontinuity, is one of the most difficult targets of study on Earth because of ice cover and rare outcrops. A multidisciplinary approach is adopted in this volume, using petrology, geochemistry, remote-sensed data and geodesy to characterize the Antarctic mantle. This characterization has application to rates of glacial isostatic adjustment, heat flow, sea-level rise and tectonics. It places the Antarctic mantle domain in a global framework on a scale not attempted before. In this chapter we review the historical development of mantle studies in Antarctica, outline current research directions, introduce the volume chapters and pro-vide a summary and outlook.Astrodynamics & Space Mission

Controlled Growth of Non-Uniform Arsenic Profiles in Silicon Reduced-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Epitaxial Layers

An empirical model of As surface segregation during reduced-pressure chemical vapor deposition Si epitaxy is presented. This segregation mechanism determines the resulting doping profile in the grown layer and is here described by a model of simultaneous and independent As adsorption and segregation versus incorporation. The model quantifies this mechanism with enough detail to be successfully applied to the accurate growth of different profiles, including the ascending x ?2 doping profiles. For rapidly descending profiles the segregated As surface layer must be removed, e.g., by ex situ cleaning and Marangoni drying before further Si epitaxy.Microelectronics and Computer EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

Merging Standard CVD Techniques for GaAs and Si Epitaxial Growth

A commercial Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) system, the ASMI Epsilon 2000 designed for Si and SiGe epitaxy, has, for the first time, been equipped for the growth of GaAs compounds in a manner that does not exclude the use of the system also for Si-based depositions. With the new system, intrinsic, Si-doped and Ge-doped GaAs epitaxial layers with excellent quality have been grown on GaAs substrate wafers by the decomposition of trimethylgallium (TMGa) and AsH3 in the reactor at reduced pressure and at temperatures in the 600-700°C range. A low AsH3 concentration, 0.7 % in H2, is used as one of the precursors, which has the added advantage that the severe safety precautions always associated with MOCVD systems need not be implemented.Delft Institute of Microsystems and NanoelectronicsElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc

Simulation of a fully coupled 3D glacial isostatic adjustment – ice sheet model for the Antarctic ice sheet over a glacial cycle

Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) has a stabilizing effect on the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet by reducing the grounding line migration following ice melt. The timescale and strength of this feedback depends on the spatially varying viscosity of the Earth's mantle. Most studies assume a relatively long and laterally homogenous response time of the bedrock. However, the mantle viscosity is spatially variable, with a high mantle viscosity beneath East Antarctica and a low mantle viscosity beneath West Antarctica. For this study, we have developed a new method to couple a 3D GIA model and an ice sheet model to study the interaction between the solid Earth and the Antarctic ice sheet during the last glacial cycle. With this method, the ice sheet model and GIA model exchange ice thickness and bedrock elevation during a fully coupled transient experiment. The feedback effect is taken into account with a high temporal resolution, where the coupling time steps between the ice sheet and GIA model are 5000 years over the glaciation phase and vary between 500 and 1000 years over the deglaciation phase of the last glacial cycle. During each coupling time step, the bedrock elevation is adjusted at every ice sheet model time step, and the deformation is computed for a linearly changing ice load. We applied the method using the ice sheet model ANICE and a 3D GIA finite element model. We used results from a regional seismic model for Antarctica embedded in the global seismic model SMEAN2 to determine the patterns in the mantle viscosity. The results of simulations over the last glacial cycle show that differences in mantle viscosity of an order of magnitude can lead to differences in the grounding line position up to 700gkm and to differences in ice thickness of the order of 2gkm for the present day near the Ross Embayment. These results underline and quantify the importance of including local GIA feedback effects in ice sheet models when simulating the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the last glacial cycle.Astrodynamics & Space Mission

The effect of the GIA feedback loop on the evolution of the Antarctic Ice sheet over the last glacial cycle using a coupled 3D GIA – Ice Dynamic model

The Earth’s surface and interior deform due to a changing load of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) during the last glacial cycle, called Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA). This deformation changes the surface height of the ice sheet and indirectly the groundling line position. These changes in surface height and grounding line position influence the evolution of the AIS and consequently, again the load on the Earth’s surface. As a result, GIA operates as a negative feedback loop and could stabilize the evolution of the AIS. This feedback maybe particularly relevant for relatively low viscosities of the mantle in West Antarctica which lead to a relatively fast response time of the bedrock due to changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet loading. Most studies capture this process by ignoring lateral variations in the viscosity of the mantle and the stabilizing GIA feedback loop. Here we present a new method to couple an ice sheet model to a GIA model at a variable timestep in the order of a thousand years. Several experiments have been done using different radial and lateral varying rheologies for simulations of the last glacial cycle. It is shown that the effect of including lateral variations and accounting for the stabilizing GIA feedback is up to 80 kilometers for the grounding line position and 400 meters for the ice thickness. The largest differences are observed close to the grounding line of the Ronne ice shelf and at several locations in East Antarctica. The total ice volume of the AIS increases by 0.5 percent over 5000 years when including the 3D GIA feedback loops in the coupled model. These results quantify the local importance of including GIA feedback effects in ice dynamic models when simulating the Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution over the full glacial cycle.Astrodynamics & Space MissionsPhysical and Space Geodes

Feedback between ice dynamics and bedrock deformation with 3D viscosity in Antarctica

Over glacial-interglacial cycles, the evolution of an ice sheet is influenced by Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) via two negative feedback loops. Firstly, vertical bedrock deformation due to a changing ice load alters ice-sheet surface elevation. For example, an increasing ice load leads to a lower bedrock elevation that lowers ice-sheet surface elevation. This will increase surface melting of the ice sheet, following an increase of atmospheric temperature at lower elevations. Secondly, bedrock deformation will change the height of the grounding line of the ice sheet. For example, a lowering bedrock height following ice-sheet advance increases the melt due to ocean water that in turn leads to a retreat of the grounding line and a slow-down of ice-sheet advance. GIA is mainly determined by the viscosity of the interior of the solid Earth which is radially and laterally varying. Underneath the Antarctic ice sheet, there are relatively low viscosities in West Antarctica and higher viscosities in East Antarctica, in turn affecting the response time of the above mentioned feedbacks. However, most ice-dynamical models do not consider the lateral variations of the viscosity in the GIA feedback loops when simulating the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet. The method developed by Gomez et al. (2018) includes the feedback between GIA and ice-sheet evolution and alternates between simulations of the two models where each simulation covers the full time period. We presents a different method to couple ANICE, a 3-D ice-sheet model, to a 3-D GIA finite element model. In this method the model computations alternates between the icesheet and GIA model until convergence of the result occurs at each timestep. We simulate the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet from 120 000 years ago to the present. The results of the coupled simulation will be discussed and compared to results of the uncoupled ice-sheet model (using an ELRA GIA model) and the method developed by Gomez et al. (2018). Physical and Space GeodesyAstrodynamics & Space Mission