An Evaluation of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Perceived Social Distancing Policies in Relation to Planning, Selecting, and Preparing Healthy Meals: An Observational Study in 38 Countries Worldwide

Objectives: To examine changes in planning, selecting, and preparing healthy foods in relation to personal factors (time, money, stress) and social distancing policies during the COVID-19 crisis. Methods: Using cross-sectional online surveys collected in 38 countries worldwide in April-June 2020 (N = 37,207, Mage 36.7 SD 14.8, 77% women), we compared changes in food literacy behaviors to changes in personal factors and social distancing policies, using hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results: Increases in planning (4.7 SD 1.3, 4.9 SD 1.3), selecting (3.6 SD 1.7, 3.7 SD 1.7), and preparing (4.6 SD 1.2, 4.7 SD 1.3) healthy foods were found for women and men, and positively related to perceived time availability and stay-at-home policies. Psychological distress was a barrier for women, and an enabler for men. Financial stress was a barrier and enabler depending on various sociodemographic variables (all p < 0.01). Conclusion: Stay-at-home policies and feelings of having more time during COVID-19 seem to have improved food literacy. Stress and other social distancing policies relate to food literacy in more complex ways, highlighting the necessity of a health equity lens. Copyright 2021 De Backer, Teunissen, Cuykx, Decorte, Pabian, Gerritsen, Matthys, Al Sabbah, Van Royen and the Corona Cooking Survey Study Group.This research was funded by the Research Foundation Flanders (G047518N) and Flanders Innovation and Entrepreneurship (HBC.2018.0397). These funding sources had no role in the design of the study, the analysis and interpretation of the data or the writing of, nor the decision to publish the manuscript.Scopu

Typology of beef production systems according to bioeconomic efficiency in the south of Brazil. [Tipologia de sistemas de produção de carne bovina de acordo com a eficiência bioeconômica no sul do Brasil]¨.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioeconomic efficiency of beef cattle production systems in the south of Brazil. Asurvey was conducted with 33 beef cattle farmers operating with complete cycle production systems in areas larger or equal to 900 ha. Answerswere classified in two drivers, technology (TEC) and management (MAN), which were separated into subfactors with their respective components.Multiple correspondence analysis, Tukey test, cluster analysis, and Pearson correlation were the statistics procedures. The TEC components wereabove normal for Brazilian farmers, but the gross margin is still lower than that needed to generate financial resources for a proper remunerationof cattle farmer. Farmers were classified into three clusters according to bioeconomic efficiency: low (LEL), intermediate (IEL), or high-efficiencylevel (HEL). The TEC driver differentiated the LEL x HEL clusters and the MAN, mainly expressed in costs, the IEL x HEL. Positive correlationbetween age at first mating and age at slaughter in the HEL cluster explains the higher costs when compared to IEL because of the use ofdifferentiated feed resources. Investments in technologies related to herd feeding in HEL cluster improved the productivity by only 20% and thecost per hectare by 95 USD ha-1 in comparison to IEL cluster. The main differences between farmers are because of the use of technologies relatedto feeding and cost management. Therefore, before implementing a new technology, an economic evaluation is necessary.RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência bioeconômica em sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte no sul do Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada com 33 pecuaristas que operam com sistemas de produção baseado em ciclo completo, em áreas maiores ou iguais a 900 hectares. As respostas foram classificadas em dois fatores: tecnologia (TEC) e gestão (GES), os quais foram separados em subfatores com seus respectivos componentes. A análise de correspondência múltipla, teste de Tukey, análise de cluster e correlação de Pearson foram os procedimentos estatísticos. Os componentes do TEC estavam acima do normal para os pecuaristas brasileiros, mas a margem bruta ainda é menor do que a necessária para gerar recursos financeiros para uma remuneração adequada ao pecuarista. Os pecuaristas foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com a eficiência bioeconômica: baixo (BNE), intermediário (INE) ou alto nível de eficiência (ANE). O driver TEC diferenciou os clusters BNE x ANE e o GES, expresso principalmente em custos, o INE x ANE. A correlação positiva entre a idade no primeiro acasalamento e a idade ao abate no agrupamento ANE explica os custos mais elevados quando comparados aos INE, devido ao uso de recursos alimentares diferenciados. Os investimentos em tecnologias relacionadas à alimentação de rebanho no agrupamento ANE melhoraram a produtividade em apenas 20% e o custo por hectare em 95 USD ha-1 em comparação ao cluster INE. As principais diferenças entre os pecuaristas se devem ao uso de tecnologias relacionadas à alimentação e ao gerenciamento de custos. Portanto, antes de implementar uma nova tecnologia, uma avaliação econômica é necessária

Arthroscopic partial Superior Capsular Reconstruction using the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon–Technique Description

Superior capsule reconstruction is a valuable intervention for some patients who present symptomatic irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Superior capsule reconstruction techniques most commonly use either fascia lata autograft or dermal allograft. Both options have literature support but also present a few drawbacks such as donor site issues, potential allergic reactions, and high cost of the operation. The long head of biceps is a potential graft for rotator cuff tears and may be particularly useful in bridging the gap in irreparable massive rotator cuff tears, specifically as an alternative to more traditional superior capsular reconstruction. Long head of biceps transposition may offer unique and significant advantages over other techniques and can be an effective and valuable alternative in selected cases. The tendon’s insertion into the glenoid is left intact, whereas laterally it is transferred to a more central humeral head position and sutured with anchors onto the footprint of the supraspinatus tendon acting as a superior static stabilizer of the shoulder joint. The purpose of this article is to propose a technical modification of superior capsular reconstruction using long head of the biceps tendon autograft

Pasteurella multocida type A as the primary agent of pneumonia and septicaemia in pigs

Abstract: In order to understand better the pathological aspects and spread of Pasteurella multocida type A as the primary cause of pneumonia in pigs, was made an experiment with intranasal inoculation of different concentrations of inocula [Group (G1): 108 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml; G2: 107 CFU/ml; G3: 106 CFU/ml and G4: 105 CFU/ml], using two pigs per group. The pigs were obtained from a high health status herd. Pigs were monitored clinically for 4 days and subsequently necropsied. All pigs had clinical signs and lesions associated with respiratory disease. Dyspnoea and hyperthermia were the main clinical signs observed. Suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, in some cases associated with necrosuppurative pleuropneumonia, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritic, were the most frequent types of lesion found. The disease evolved with septicaemia, characterized by septic infarctions in the liver and spleen, with the detection of P. multocida type A. In this study, P. multocida type A strain #11246 was the primary agent of fibrinous pleuritis and suppurative cranioventral bronchopneumonia, pericarditis and septicaemia in the pigs. All concentrations of inoculum used (105-108 CFU/ml) were able to produce clinical and pathological changes of pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis and septicemia in challenged animals

Soroprevalência da infecção leptospiral em capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) abatidas em um frigorífico do Rio Grande do Sul Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in a slaughterhouse of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) são roedores selvagens do continente americano com crescente importância comercial como fonte alternativa de carne para o consumo humano. Nessa espécie, os estudos sobre a soroprevalência da infecção leptospiral são escassos e restritos aos espécimes de vida livre. Relatamos aqui reações positivas para anticorpos aglutinantes anti-leptospiras em 27,3% (6/22) das capivaras abatidas em um frigorífico do Rio Grande do Sul. Os níveis mais altos de anticorpos sugerem infecção pelo sorogrupo Australis devido à reação para uma cepa de referência do sorovar Bratislava e para um isolado canino local do sorovar Australis, caracterizado como Leptospira noguchii. Esses resultados ressaltam que considerável parcela de capivaras criadas em cativeiro podem funcionar como reservatório de leptospiras patogênicas e chamam atenção para o risco ocupacional dos trabalhos que envolvem a criação e o abate dessa espécie animal.<br>Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are wild rodents from the American Continent with increasing importance as a commercial alternative source of meat for human consumption. Studies on seroprevalence for leptospiral infection are scarce and restricted to free living capybaras. We report detection of agglutinating antibodies against leptospires in 27% (6/22) of all animals in a slaughterhouse from Rio Grande do Sul. The highest antibody titers predicted Australis as the infecting serogroup due to reactions against a reference strain of serovar Bratislava and a canine local isolate of serovar Australis, characterized as Leptospira noguchii. The data presented in this report highlight that a considerable fraction of capybaras in captivity may behave as reservoir for pathogenic leptospires emphasizing the occupational risk of those who deal with animal farming and slaughter

Geografia social da AIDS no Brasil The social geography of AIDS in Brazil

São divulgados os primeiros resultados da avaliação da dinâmica da epidemia da AIDS no Brasil através de técnicas de análise da distribuição espacial. São revisadas questões metodológicas, apontando as dificuldades de estabelecer regiões geográficas homogêneas no Brasil. Descrevem-se tendências recentes da dinâmica da epidemia da AIDS no Brasil - pauperização, interiorização e alteração na participação proporcional das categorias de exposição. Avalia-se a distribuição de casos de AIDS por Unidades da Federação (UFs), confeccionando-se mapas relativos à disseminação da epidemia no período 1987-1993 nas diversas UFs, estabelecendo-se os Centros Gravimétricos (CGs) relativos a esses anos. A análise do posicionamento e deslocamento pluri-anual desses CGs indica a força atrativa do Estado de São Paulo como pólo de difusão da epidemia e uma expansão simultânea da epidemia em direção às fronteiras de ocupação. Essas tendências colocam dificuldades adicionais às atividades de prevenção ao acrescentarem novos segmentos populacionais e regiões geográficas ao quadro observado inicialmente nas principais regiões metropolitanas e segmentos mais afetados.<br>The first of a series of papers concerning the evaluation of the dynamics of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil employing techniques of geographical analysis, is here presented. Results of research undertaken in the US (especially in New York City) are compared with those of a recent investigation carried out in the city of S.Paulo, Brazil (Grangeiro, 1994). In both, geographical patterns of socio-demographic variables correlate with different patterns of the spread of the AIDS epidemic through the transmission groups. Recent trends of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil: the displacement toward medium sized cities and expansion frontiers, increasing report of AIDS cases among the poor and underprivileged, changes in the pattern of transmission with proportional augmentation of heterosexual transmission and IDUs as transmission groups, are described and analised. The geographical distribution of the AIDS cases registered between 1987-1993 in Brazil throughout the Brazilian States is evaluated by means of worksheets, maps, and non-parametric statistics. Results show that Gravimetric Centers (obtained by the use of the calculus spatial means) of AIDS in Brazil are situated within a triangle the sides of which are formed lines joining the three main metropolitan areas of the wealthiest region of Brazil - the southeast, i.e. São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. These especially S. Paulo, function as points of attraction for these Gravimetric Centers (GCs) towards the south as compared with the GCs of the general population calculated ia accordance with data from the 1980 and 1991 censuses. It is possible to observe a displacement of the GCs toward the northwest over this period in accordance with the migration patterns of the Brazilian population in general, though with a dynamic of its own. These changes in the geographical, socio-demographic and transmission group patterns show the complex nature of the epidemic in Brazil and pose additional difficulties for the development of prevention strategies