Nonextensivity in the solar magnetic activity during the increasing phase of solar Cycle 23

In this paper we analyze the behavior of the daily Sunspot Number from the Sunspot Index Data Center (SIDC), the mean Magnetic Field strength from the National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak (NSO/KP) and Total Solar Irradiance means from Virgo/SoHO, in the context of the $q$--Triplet which emerges within nonextensive statistical mechanics. Distributions for the mean solar Magnetic Field show two different behaviors, with a $q$--Gaussian for scales of 1 to 16 days and a Gaussian for scales longer than 32 days. The latter corresponds to an equilibrium state. Distributions for Total Solar Irradiance also show two different behaviors (approximately Gaussian) for scales of 128 days and longer, consistent with statistical equilibrium and $q$--Gaussian for scales $<$ 128 days. Distributions for the Sunspot Number show a $q$--Gaussian independent of timescales, consistent with a nonequilibrium state. The values obtained ("$q$--Triplet"$\equiv$$\{$$q$$_{stat}$,$q$$_{sen}$,$q$$_{rel}$$\}$) demonstrate that the Gaussian or $q$--Gaussian behavior of the aforementioned data depends significantly on timescales. These results point to strong multifractal behavior of the dataset analyzed, with the multifractal level decreasing from Sunspot Number to Total Solar Irradiance. In addition, we found a numerically satisfied dual relation between $q_{stat}$ and $q_{sen}$.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Photoelectric charging of partially sunlit dielectric surfaces in space

Sunlight-shadow effects may substantially alter the charging situation for a dielectric surface. The sunlight-shadow boundary tends to be the site of intense multipole electric fields. Charges on a sunlit dielectric surface have a finite effective mobility. The charge distribution tends to resemble that on a conducting surface. A boundary between a conducting and a dielectric surface may not represent a conductivity discontinuity when this boundary is sunlit; charges may migrate at a nontrivial rate across the boundary. A contracting or expanding sunlit area may experience a supercharging

Selectivity of interaction of spin-labelled lipids with peripheral proteins bound to dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol bilayers, as determined by ESR spectroscopy.

The selectivity of interaction between spin-labelled lipids and the peripheral proteins, apocytochrome c, cytochrome c, lysozyme and polylysine has been studied using ESR spectroscopy. Derivatives of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), diphosphatidylglycerol (CL) and diacylglycerol (DG) spin-labelled at the 5-C atom position of the sn-2 chain were used to study the association of these proteins with bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycero. Binding of the proteins increased the outer hyperfine splitting in the ESR spectra of the lipid spin labees to an extent which depended both on the spin-labelled lipid species involved and on the particular protein. The order of selectivity for apocytochrome c follows the sequence: PI−>CL−≈DG PS−>PC±>PG−>PE±. The selectivity pattern for cytochrome c is: PI−>PG−>CL−>DG PS−≈PC±>PE±; for lysozyme is: CL−>PG−>DG PE−>PC±PS−>PI−; and that for polylysine is: CL−>PS−⩾PG−>PI−>PC±>DG PE+-. The overall strength of interaction is in the order lysozyme>cytochrome c>apcoytochrome c, for equivalent binding, and the spread of the selectivity for the different proteins is in the reverse order. Assuming fast exchange for the ESR spectra of the 5-C atom labelled lipids, the relative association constants of the different labels with the different proteins have been estimated

The construction of knowledge-based economies versus knowledge societies: The cases of Germany and Singapore

In the past decades, terms such as knowledge-based economy (KBE)\u27, and \u27information/knowledge society\u27 have been adopted by governments worldwide in order to underline their interest in developing their economies and societies further and assure future growth. Many governments used these catchwords as labels for government programs and action plans aiming at economic and social prosperity. This aim of national governments to construct knowledge-based economies, information/knowledge societies, the actions taken and especially the ability or disability to do so, is the topic of this paper. As two cases of comparison act Singapore and Germany. (DIPF/Orig.

Asset Ownership and Investment Incentives Revisited.

Previous work on the property rights theory of the firm suggests that in the presence of outside options, asset ownership may demotivate managers. This paper shows that this conclusion relies on the assumption that a manager's outside option only depends on her own investment.PROPERTY RIGHTS ; MANAGEMENT ; INVESTMENTS