un test d'acceptabilité pour mesurer la conscience phonologique de la liaison chez les adultes. quelques considérations méthodologiques

The purpose of this contribution is to present an oral acceptability test concerning the French liaison. The test, called Test d’Habiletés MétaPhonologiques (THaM-Ph), is intended as a tool for evaluating and measuring epiphonological competence and metaphonological awareness of liaison in non-expert native French-speaking adults. The THaM-Ph is based on a quali-quantitative approach that allows to measure the responses obtained on the numerical grid contained in the THAM-3 acceptability test (Pinto, El Euch 2015). After a brief overview of the theoretical issues related to liaison, we will retrace the story of the novelties in relation to previous studies, and then present the structure of THaM-Ph. Finally, methodological considerations will be put forward. L’objectif de cette contribution est celui de présenter un test d’acceptabilité oral concernant la liaison française. Le test, que nous avons appelé Test d’Habiletés MétaPhonologiques (THaM-Ph), se veut un outil d’évaluation et de mesure de la compétence épiphonologique et de la conscience métaphonologique de la liaison chez les adultes francophones natifs non experts. Le THaM-Ph se base sur une approche quali-quantitative permettant de mesurer les réponses obtenues sur la grille numérique contenue dans l’épreuve d’acceptabilité du THAM-3 (Pinto, El Euch 2015). Après un bref survol des problématiques théoriques liées à la liaison, nous retracerons l’historique des nouveautés que nous avons apportées aux études antérieures, pour ensuite présenter la structure du THaM-Ph. Des considérations méthodologiques seront finalement avancées.

Un test d'acceptabilité pour mesurer la conscience phonologique de la liaison chez les adultes. Quelques considérations méthodologiques

The purpose of this contribution is to present an oral acceptability test concerning the French liaison. The test, called Test d’Habiletés MétaPhonologiques (THaM-Ph), is intended as a tool for evaluating and measuring epiphonological competence and metaphonological awareness of liaison in non-expert native French-speaking adults. The THaM-Ph is based on a quali-quantitative approach that allows to measure the responses obtained on the numerical grid contained in the THAM-3 acceptability test (Pinto, El Euch 2015). After a brief overview of the theoretical issues related to liaison, we will retrace the story of the novelties in relation to previous studies, and then present the structure of THaM-Ph. Finally, methodological considerations will be put forward

Mulier cum sola cogitat male cogitat: le astuzie dell’etero-patriarcato

Heteropatriarchy needs to permanently perpetuate the distinction between men and women as a legitimation of its own supremacy. This distinction works making the feminine a receptacle of all negative values and an element of contrast aimed to create male privilege. The myth of sexual difference is the psychic tool through which supremacy anchors on each individual creating categories like that of “abstract masculinity” and “concrete femininity”. In this frame the exclusion of women out of the field of knowledge, analyzed in its historical depth by Michèle Le Dœuff, appears as a tool of the perpetuation of heteropatriarchy, but when the exclusion does not occur properly and when some thinkers talk about rationality, flaws of this almost perfect systems come to the surface. It comes out that rationality is epicene, and it has a subversive charge towards the whole patriarchal structure. Nonetheless, myths are hard to die; as a psychic declination of a material oppression they place themselves as imaginary and shape individuals’ minds transforming them, very often, into oppressors of themselves. The “school of difference” seems doomed to this: becoming agents of the myth producing analysis that do not go further than the symptoms and false liberating instances. So, the need of a theory of oppression that keeps together the material level and the symbolic one, and of a theory of subjectivity that looks at the interdependence of individuals and collectivity, is reconfirmed. Critically analyzing the thought of Christine Delphy, this paper will try to lay the foundation to elaborate an alternative that suggests a coordinate action of liberation from material and symbolic oppression.L’eteropatriarcato ha bisogno di perpetuare vita natural durante la distinzione tra uomini e donne come legittimazione del proprio dominio. Questa distinzione opera facendo del femminile un ricettacolo di tutti i valori negativi e un elemento di contrasto volto a creare il privilegio maschile. Il mito della differenza sessuale è lo strumento psichico con cui il dominio effettua l’ancoraggio di queste norme sui singoli individui creando categorie come quella di “mascolinità astratta” e “femminilità concreta”. In questo quadro l’esclusione delle donne dal sapere, nella sua profondità storica analizzata da Michèle Le Dœuff, si mostra essere uno strumento della perpetuazione dell’etero-patriarcato, ma quando l’esclusione non avviene correttamente e quando alcuni pensatori parlano di razionalità emergono delle falle in questo sistema quasi-perfetto. Si scopre che la razionalità è epicena e ha in sé una carica eversiva nei confronti dell’intero edificio patriarcale. Tuttavia, i miti sono duri a morire; in quanto declinazione psichica di un’oppressione materiale si insediano come immaginario e plasmano le menti degli individui facendoli diventare, molto spesso, oppressori di loro stessi. Questo sembra essere il destino della “scuola della differenza”: diventare agenti del mito producendo analisi che non si spingono al di là del sintomo e false istanze liberatorie. Si rinnova dunque il bisogno di una teoria dell’oppressione che tenga insieme il piano materiale e quello simbolico e una teoria della soggettività che guardi all’interdipendenza di individuo e collettività. Analizzando criticamente il pensiero di Christine Delphy si cercherà di gettare le basi per l’elaborazione di un’alternativa che proponga un’azione coordinata di liberazione dall’oppressione materiale e psichica

Use of Microwaves for Damage Detection of Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Wrapped Concrete Structures

Jacketing technology using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is being applied for seismic retrofit and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) columns designed and constructed under older specifications. In this study, the authors develop an electromagnetic (EM) imaging technology for detecting such damage as voids and debonding between the jacket and the column, which may significantly weaken the structural performance of the column otherwise attainable by jacketing. This technology is based on the reflection analysis of a continuous EM wave sent toward and reflected from layered FRP–adhesive-concrete medium: Voids and debonding areas will generate air gaps which produce additional reflections of the EM wave. In this study, dielectric properties of various materials involved in the FRP-jacketed RC column were first measured using a plane-wave reflectometer. The measured properties were then used for a computer simulation of the proposed EM imaging technology. The simulation demonstrated the difficulty in detecting damage by using plane waves, as the reflection contribution from the voids and debonding is very small compared to that from the jacketed column. In order to alleviate this difficulty, dielectric lenses were designed and fabricated, focusing the EM wave on the bonding interface. Finally, three concrete columns were constructed and wrapped with glass–FRP jackets with various voids and debonding conditions artificially introduced in the bonding interface. Using the proposed EM imaging technology involving the especially designed and properly installed lenses, these voids and debonding areas were successfully detected. This technology can be used to assess the jacket bonding quality during the initial jacket installation stage and to detect debonding between the column and the jacket caused by earthquake and other destructive loads

Miniature multi-element antenna for wireless communications

We present a novel broad-band miniature antenna and employ it in a multi-element geometry with diversity capabilities for wireless communications. This antenna (diameter < 0.2 λ and thickness < 0.06 λ) consists of two stacked circular patches that create two cylindrical slots resonating at two slightly different frequencies, fed by a strategically positioned coaxial probe. An extensive parametric study and results for a prototype working at 5.2 GHz are presented. A multi-element geometry with two or four of such elements follows. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based switches located within its geometry can not only change the working frequency of the design, but also activate a particular radiation beam depending on their specific location (resonant slot-aperture or feed line). Simulation results of a four-element antenna with dimensions 0.8 λ × 0.8 λ × 0.06 λ and a frequency band operation from 5 to 6 GHz are presented and compared to an experimental prototype. Circuit and radiation characteristics are discussed in terms of reconfigurability and diversity capabilities.Peer Reviewe

Dual-band planar quadrature hybrid with enhanced bandwidth response

This paper presents the theory, design procedure, and implementation of a dual-band planar quadrature hybrid with enhanced bandwidth. The topology of the circuit is a three-branch-line (3-BL) quadrature hybrid, which provides much larger flexibility to allocate the desired operating frequencies and necessary bandwidths than other previously published configurations. A performance comparison with other dual-band planar topologies is presented. Finally, a 3-BL quadrature hybrid for dual band (2.4 and 5 GHz) wireless local area network systems was fabricated, aimed to cover the bands corresponding to the standards IEEE802.11a/b. The measurements show a 16% and 18% bandwidth for the lower and upper frequency, respectively, satisfying and exceeding the bandwidth requirements for the above standards.Peer Reviewe

Dual-band Butler matrix for WLAN systems

This paper shows the design of a dual-band Butler matrix aimed to cover the bands corresponding to the standards IEEE802.11a/b, with particular interest in WLAN systems, at the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Measurements of the individual dual-band components which compose the Butler matrix are presented. Those components are: quadrature hybrid and 0 dB coupler. The phase shifter design is also described. A final design of the Butler matrix is proposed and measured. Over the proposed frequency range, the Butler matrix exhibits phase errors and couplings of within 13.5/spl deg/ and - 6.7 /spl plusmn/ 0.8 dB, respectively. A performance prediction of the Butler matrix connected to an array of isotropic and perfectly matched antennas separated half-wavelength in air is also briefly commentedPeer Reviewe

Microwave Subsurface Imaging Technology for Damage Detection

This paper presents a technology for detecting invisible damage inside concrete, which is based on reconstruction of dielectric profile (image) of the concrete illuminated with microwaves sent from and received by antenna arrays controlled by specialized software. The imaging system developed in this study consists of an 8X8 transmitting and an 8X8 receiving arrays, an innovative numerical bifocusing operator for improving image resolution, and imaging software for reconstructing a two-dimensional image from the scattered field. The effectiveness of the of the developed technology in detecting steel and voids inside concrete has been demonstrated through numerical simulation and experiments

A dual-band antenna for WLAN applications by double rectangular patch with 4-bridges

Double rectangular patch with 4-bridges is investigated for solution of IEEE 802.11b/g (2.4GHz) and 802.11a (5.5GHz). Rectangular patch for 5.5GHz frequency band is printed on the PCB substrate and connected to another rectangular patch for 2.4GHz frequency band with 4-bridges to obtain dual band operation in an antenna element. 4-briges can modify the desired frequency band from its original frequency band by changing its width. The proposed antenna has a low profile and is fed by 50Ω coaxial line. Gain of 2.4 GHz patch is 5dBi and 5.5 GHz patch is 3.7dBi at θ=0°. I

Variazioni su dei temi comuni

Variations sur des thèmes communs è l’editoriale del primo numero di “Questions féministes”, rivista uscita dal 1977 al 1980, sotto la direzione di Simone de Beauvoir. Il gruppo di donne fondatrici della rivista si proponeva di analizzare la condizione sociale delle donne e la costituzione di queste ultime in classe sociale di sesso con gli strumenti di un femminismo da loro definito “radicale e materialista”. La radicalità della prospettiva consisteva nell’indagine delle cause ultime della disuguaglianza sociale tra i due sessi, attaccando e prendendo le distanze da ogni ovvietà naturalistica sulla differenza sessuale. Essa è qui riconosciuta come sociale e storica, solo in un secondo momento giustificata dal discorso patriarcale attraverso il ricorso alle differenze anatomiche. Se la subordinazione si costituisce e si esprime in questo apparato ideologico, è alla materialità del lavoro domestico svolto gratuitamente dalle donne e all’appropriazione e al controllo anche sessuale dei corpi femminili che si deve guardare per smantellarlo. La teoria della storia che rende possibile una tale analisi è, come spiega la sociologa Christine Delphy, genuinamente materialista: il modo in cui la vita viene materialmente prodotta e riprodotta è a fondamento dell’organizzazione di ogni società, sia a livello individuale sia collettivo, e la storia è interpretabile in termini di dominazione di alcuni gruppi sociali su altri. Si tratta di un approccio che intende coniugare l’aspetto teorico e quello politico della questione: l’analisi è finalizzata all’azione pratica con l’obiettivo di modificare il reale sociale in senso antigerarchico. &nbsp; Proponiamo oggi la traduzione italiana di questo testo poiché, grazie alla salda aspirazione politica militante che lo attraversa e all’altrettanto salda lucidità critica, esso appare ancora profondamente rilevante alla Redazione. Per lo stesso motivo, si è deciso di collocarla nella sezione “Saggi”: crediamo infatti che, a distanza di più di quarant’anni, le riflessioni qui contenute possano dialogare in modo proficuo con le prospettive più recenti espresse negli articoli presenti in questo numero di Balthazar, offrendo strumenti fondamentali per smascherare le logiche di dominazione e controllo ancora attive e la tendenza, mai sopita, a ricorrere a essenzialismi di varia natura che possono soltanto generare nuove e potenti oppressioni.Variations sur des thèmes communs is the editorial of the first number of “Questions feminists”, published from 1977 to 1980, under the direction of Simone de Beauvoir. The purpose of the group of women that founded the journal was to analyse the social condition of women and their grouping in a sex social class with the instrument of a feminism that they defined “radical and materialist”. The radicality of their approach consisted in the investigation of the root causes of social inequality between the two sexes, attacking and distancing themselves from naturalistic evidences about sexual difference. The latter is here recognized as social and historical, and only at a later time justified by patriarchal discourse through anatomical differences. If subordination is established and expressed in this ideological apparatus too, it is first and foremost to the materiality of domestic work that women carry out for free and to the control, which is also sexual, of female bodies that one must turn to dismantle it. The theory of history that makes such analysis possible is genuinely materialist, as sociologist Christine Delphy explains: the ways in which life is materially produced and reproduced is at the foundation of the organization of every society, both at individual and collective level, and history can be interpreted as the domination of certain social groups on the others. It is an approach that wants to bring together the theoretical and the political aspects of the question: the aim of theoretical analysis is practical action, in order to modify social reality towards a non-hierarchical society. We propose today the Italian translation of this text because, thanks to its steadfast militant political aspiration and to its equally steadfast critical clarity, it still seems very relevant to the members of the editorial board. For the same reasons, we decided to place it in the “Essays” section: we believe that, even after more than forty years, the reflections developed in this text can dialogue in a profitable way with the more recent perspectives expressed in the other articles of this number of Balthazar, offering essential tools to unmask the logics of domination and control that are still operative and the tendency to appeal to various forms of essentialism that can only give rise to new powerful oppressions. &nbsp