Suburban Sprawl or Suburban Villages? Defining Planning Principles for New Land Development in Indonesia

Indonesian land use regulations are increasingly designating areas where urban growth is either targeted or excluded, echoing a similar trend in other Pacific Rim nations. Yet as with growth planning in the United States, there is a near total lack of regulatory direction guiding the form or pattern of urban development within the target areas. Sprawling suburban development, essentially patterned after midcentury-style American models, is rapidly consuming the most desirable developable land. Although significant policy goals and legislation are emerging that may provide the basis for suburban land planning principles, neither the central nor provincial governments have consistently articulated such principles. This Comment suggests that statutes should incorporate not only planning goals, but also specific town-building principles to guide local planning authorities. Growth management policy goals that are at the forefront of planning law in the United States are compared with evolving Indonesian policies and with what is actually being built in response to those policies. Historical shortcomings in U.S. suburban planning suggest that alternatives to automobile-dependent suburban development should be considered in the formation of Indonesian land use law and policy. The Comment describes specific alternative models of development that have been built or are being projected

Productivity, Movements, and Habitat Use of Nesting and Brooding Wild Turkey Hens in Gregory County, South Dakota

Radio-equipped wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) hens (n=53) were monitored in a prairie river breaks environment in south-central South Dakota during 1986 and 1987. Seventy percent (36 of 47 adults and 1 of 6 juveniles) of the monitored hens nested. Hens that nested prior to 7 May selected nest sites in woodland habitats, while hens nesting later than 7 May selected nest sites in grassland habitats. Hens nested at sites with higher (P\u3c0.05) percent visual obstruction, percent shrub cover, presence of overhanging vegetation, and habitat diversity than found at random control sites. Nest sites also allowed greater field of vision and opportunities for escape than random controls. Discriminant models developed from variables measured at nest and control sites were effective in distinguishing between the 2 categories. Seventeen of 39 (43.6%) clutches hatched, and 11 broods survived to mid-August. Poult survival in 1986 was 42.9%, with all poult mortality occurring during the first 2 weeks post-hatch. Accurate data for poult survival was not obtainable during 1987, but survival appeared to be similar to 1986. Broods moved up to 3.5 km from nest sites before establishing definite ranges. Broods ranges were composed of ≥50% woodland types, while woodlands comprised only 30.8% of the study area. Mean range size increased 3-fold from the 0-4 week age class (Age 1) to the 4+ week age class (Age 2). Broods used habitats in proportion to availability within ranges. However, grasslands were used more than expected (P\u3c0.05) between 0631 hr and 1130 hr over the summer, and less than expected (P\u3c0.05) by Age 2 broods between 1131 hr and 1630 hr. Woodlands were used more than expected between 1131 hr and 1630 hr over the summer, but not significantly so. Seventy-seven percent of all brood sightings made between 0631 hr and 1130 hr, and 67% of all sightings made between 1631 hr and 2030 hr were in grassland habitats. Seventy-two percent of all brood sightings made between 1131 hr and 1630 hr were in woodlands. Grassland brood use sites had greater forb cover, less grass cover, and were closer to habitat edges than random control sites (P\u3c0.05). Discriminant analysis effectively reclassified grassland brood use sites, but not control sites. Age 1 broods sued grassland sites with greater overhead (\u3e 30 cm) shrub cover, and nearer habitat edges than sites used by Age 2 broods (P\u3c0.05). Woodland brood use sites were nearer (P\u3c0.05) habitat edges than random controls. No significant differences could be found between woodland sites used by Age 1 and Age 2 broods. Discriminant analysis was ineffective in distinguishing between classes for woodland brood use sites or between ages for either woodland or grassland brood use sites

In situ apparatus for the study of clathrate hydrates relevant to solar system bodies using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy

Clathrate hydrates are believed to play a significant role in various solar system environments, e.g. comets, and the surfaces and interiors of icy satellites, however the structural factors governing their formation and dissociation are poorly understood. We demonstrate the use of a high pressure gas cell, combined with variable temperature cooling and time-resolved data collection, to the in situ study of clathrate hydrates under conditions relevant to solar system environments. Clathrates formed and processed within the cell are monitored in situ using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction allows the formation of clathrate hydrates to be observed as CO2 gas is applied to ice formed within the cell. Complete conversion is obtained by annealing at temperatures just below the ice melting point. A subsequent rise in the quantity of clathrate is observed as the cell is thermally cycled. Four regions between 100-5000cm-1 are present in the Raman spectra that carry features characteristic of both ice and clathrate formation. This novel experimental arrangement is well suited to studying clathrate hydrates over a range of temperature (80-500K) and pressure (1-100bar) conditions and can be used with a variety of different gases and starting aqueous compositions. We propose the increase in clathrate formation observed during thermal cycling may be due to the formation of a quasi liquid-like phase that forms at temperatures below the ice melting point, but which allows easier formation of new clathrate cages, or the retention and delocalisation of previously formed clathrate structures, possibly as amorphous clathrate. The structural similarities between hexagonal ice, the quasi liquid-like phase, and crystalline CO2 hydrate mean that differences in the Raman spectrum are subtle; however, all features out to 5000cm-1 are diagnostic of clathrate structure.Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press. 6 page

Limits of small functors

For a small category K enriched over a suitable monoidal category V, the free completion of K under colimits is the presheaf category [K*,V]. If K is large, its free completion under colimits is the V-category PK of small presheaves on K, where a presheaf is small if it is a left Kan extension of some presheaf with small domain. We study the existence of limits and of monoidal closed structures on PK.Comment: 17 page

The marketing strategies of making Kinabalu Park as a tourism heritage / Doris Day Stephen Nyamok

Established 36 years ago, Kinabalu Park has made a name for itself in the eyes of nature tourism and outdoor adventures. This is especially true for Kinabalu Park as it is expected to entertain the expanding tourism industry and the changing World of International Tourism. Kinabalu Park is funded by the Government and is entrenched within the bureaucratic system. Tourism is one the facets of a Park's development and this should not be allowed to take precedence over other more important values. This includes flora and fauna preservation, watershed and landscape protection, the role of Parks in science and education, and the conservation of endangered species and others. The obvious solution is to strike a balance between conservation and precautionary measures must be adopted so that tourist coming to a park may be satisfied. These factors determines the marketing strategies of making Kinabalu Park as a tourism heritage with areas on marketing opportunities, developing marketing policies, strategies and programs. This study provides comprehensive guidelines for Kinabalu Park. It is the niche of the world market in nature and outdoor recreations that will provide Kinabalu Park with a huge marketing opportunity apart from achieving its objectives and goal for the future generation to see. For the change to occur, politicians and decision makers must be sympathetic and understanding towards this natural 'heritage and needs

THE FACTORS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED THE ADOPTION OF MALAYSIAN PRIVATE ENTITIES REPORTING STANDARDS (MPERS) FOR SMEs IN MALAYSIA

This study aims to explore the factors that have influenced the adoption of Malaysian Private Entities Reporting Standards (MPERS) in Malaysia since 2016, to explore the costs and benefits to Malaysian SMEs of adopting the MPERS, and also to explore challenges and expectations exploring the perception of 15 accounting professionals representing SMEs in Malaysia. Findings indicate that education and professional training are influential factors in the way participants perceive the MPERS but tensions between education and training did come to the fore in the interviews. Legal and tax factors are also influential. However, participants did not discuss the role of tax or legal factors relating to the implementation of the standard in any depth. Further, findings also indicate that cultural factors play a significant role equal to external economic factors, which heavily influenced the Malaysian standard setter to adopt MPERS. Participants suggested that the initial (short-term) costs for the adoption of the standard outweigh the benefits, but that over the long term, the benefits outweighed the costs of the adoption of the MPERS. The findings also suggest that adoption increased the reliability of financial information to users while adoption of the MPERS provides confidence to foreign investors by providing a comparable accounting framework with other countries, which was seen by participants as one of the most prominent macro effects. This thesis is the first to explore factors that drove the Malaysian authorities to adopt the MPERS and contribute to the existing body of accounting literature. We argue that this study’s findings might be used as a solid basis for other similar contexts in Southeast Asia with similar cultural characteristics to Malaysia. JEL: M10, M14, M20, M40, M41  Article visualizations

Galcanezumab in episodic migraine: subgroup analyses of efficacy by high versus low frequency of migraine headaches in phase 3 studies (EVOLVE-1 & EVOLVE-2).

BACKGROUND: Patients with high-frequency episodic migraine (HFEM) have a greater disease burden than those with low-frequency episodic migraine (LFEM). Acute treatment overuse increases the risk of migraine chronification in patients with HFEM. Galcanezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody binding calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is effective for migraine prevention with a favorable safety profile. Here, we investigate whether there are differences in galcanezumab efficacy in patients with LFEM or with HFEM. METHODS: Data were pooled from two double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials; EVOLVE-1 and EVOLVE-2. Patients were 18-65 years old, experienced 4-14 monthly migraine headache days (MHDs) for ≥1 year prior, with onset at \u3c 50 years of age. Migraine headaches were tracked via electronic patient-reported outcome system and randomization was stratified by low (LFEM; 4-7 monthly MHDs) or high (HFEM; 8-14 monthly MHDs) frequency. Subgroup analysis compared the HFEM and LFEM subgroups with a linear or generalized linear mixed model repeated measures approach. RESULTS: The intent-to-treat patients (N = 1773) had a mean age of 41.3 years, were mostly white (75%), female (85%), and 66% of patients had HFEM. In both the LFEM and HFEM subgroups, the overall (Months 1-6) and monthly changes from baseline in monthly MHDs and monthly MHDs with acute medication use compared with placebo were statistically significantly reduced for galcanezumab 120-mg and 240-mg. Galcanezumab (120-mg and 240-mg) significantly decreased the overall and monthly MHDs with nausea and/or vomiting, and with photophobia and phonophobia versus placebo in patients with LFEM or HFEM. In both subgroups, the mean overall (Months 1-6) and monthly percentages of patients with ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% reduction in monthly MHDs from baseline were statistically significantly greater in patients receiving either dose of galcanezumab versus placebo. Galcanezumab (120-mg and 240-mg) significantly improved the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire role function-restrictive domain score as well as the Migraine Disability Assessment total score versus placebo for patients with LFEM or HFEM. There were no significant subgroup-by-treatment interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Galcanezumab was as effective in patients with HFEM as in those with LFEM. Associated symptoms, quality of life, and disability were similarly improved in patients with HFEM or LFEM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02614183 , NCT02614196