The Long-Term Erosion of Repeat-Purchase Loyalty

The study investigates the long-term erosion of repeat-purchase loyalty among consumers who purchase brands in a one-year base period. The study utilises a five-year consumer panel of continuous reporters. We identify brand buyers in a base year, then calculate the proportion that fail to buy the brand in later years. We analyse the top 20 brands in 10 consumer goods categories We find pronounced erosion in repeat-buying over the long-term. The proportion of buyers from a base year that fail to buy the brand in a later year increases steadily over time, from 57% in year 2 to 71.5% by year 5. Moreover, we identify brand and marketing mix factors linked to this over-time customer loss, or erosion. The study provides evidence that consumers’ propensity to buy particular brands changes over a period of years, even though those brands continue to exhibit stable market share. This evidence provides a different interpretation than the literature to date, which has viewed purchase propensities as fixed. The study finds that store brands and niche brands exhibit lower levels of erosion in their buyer base; that a broad range is associated with lower erosion, and that high price promotion incidence is associated with lower erosion for manufacturer brands. Loyalty erosion has been reported before (Ehrenberg, 1988; East & Hammond 1996) but only over short periods. This study examines the phenomenon over five years, confirms that the rate of erosion does diminish over time, and that it is related to category and brand characteristics, as well as marketing mix decisions

Distribution, morphology, and genetic affinities of dwarf embedded Fucus populations from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean

Dwarf embedded Fucus populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean are restricted to the upper intertidal zone in sandy salt marsh environments; they lack holdfasts and are from attached parental populations of F. spiralis or F. spiralis x F. vesiculosus hybrids after breakage and entanglement with halophytic marsh grasses. Dwarf forms are dichotomously branched, flat, and have a mean overall length and width of 20.3 and 1.3 mm, respectively. Thus, they are longer than Irish (mean 9.3 mm) and Alaskan (mean 15.0 mm) populations identified as F cottonii. Reciprocal transplants of different Fucus taxa in a Maine salt marsh confirm that F spiralis can become transformed into dwarf embedded thalli within the high intertidal zone, while the latter can grow into F. s. ecad lutarius within the mid intertidal zone. Thus, vertical transplantation can modify fucoid morphology and result in varying ecads. Microsatellite markers indicate that attached F spiralis and F vesiculosus are genetically distinct, while dwarf forms may arise via hybridization between the two taxa. The ratio of intermediate to species-specific-genotypes decreased with larger thalli. Also, F s. ecad lutarius consists of a mixture of intermediate and pure genotypes, while dwarf thalli show a greater frequency of hybrids

The Asian red seaweed Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) invades the Gulf of Maine

We report the invasion of the Gulf of Maine, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, by the largest red seaweed in the world, the Asian Grateloupia turuturu. First detected in 1994 in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, south of Cape Cod, this alga had expanded its range in the following years only over to Long Island and into Long Island Sound. In July 2007 we found Grateloupia in the Cape Cod Canal and as far north (east) as Boston, Massachusetts, establishing its presence in the Gulf of Maine. Grateloupia can be invasive and may be capable of disrupting low intertidal and shallow subtidal seaweeds. The plant\u27s broad physiological tolerances suggest that it will be able to expand possibly as far north as the Bay of Fundy. We predict its continued spread in North America and around the world, noting that its arrival in the major international port of Boston may now launch G. turuturu on to new global shipping corridors

Seasonal Studies of Florida Sublittoral Marine Algae

The seasonal occurrence and reproduction of the sublittoral seaweed populations at four Florida sites are described. A total of 180 taxa were collected, including 105 Rhodophyceae, 49 Chlorophyceae, and 26 Phaeophyceae. The two southern sites in the Florida Keys showed higher numbers of species than the two northern sites off the central West Coast of Florida. The red algae were the most diverse group at each site. Green algae were more numerous than brown algae at the two Florida Key sites. Several of the species recorded represent extensions of known distributional ranges. Peak numbers of species were recorded during the winter-spring, when maximum nutrients and low temperatures were apparent. The station with the widest temperature fluctuation showed the most dramatic seasonality. The monthly occurrence and reproduction of each seaweed at the four sites are summarized

Photosynthetic responses of Florida seaweeds to light and temperature: a physiological survey

The photosynthetic responses of 37 tropical seaweeds (14 Chlorophyceae, 5 Phaeophyceae and 18 Rhodophyceae) were measured in a Gilson Warburg Apparatus under a variety of light and temperature regimes. The brown algae Padina vickersiae and Sporochnus pedunculatus exhibited the lowest saturation light intensity (263 μE/m2/sec), while five green algae (Acetabularia crenulata, Cladophora coelothrix, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Monostroma oxyspermum and Codium repens) had the highest light optima (3,843–4,258 μE/m2/sec). Overall, the Chlorophyceae exhibited the broadest range of light optima; in contrast, the Phaeophyceae primarily had low light optima, while several Rhodophyceae had higher light optima. The thermal optima for 34 seaweeds ranged from 15–30°C. Catoglossa leprierii, Botryocladia occidentalis, Codium taylorii, Soliera tenera and Codium intertextum exhibited relatively broad thermal optima, with C. leprierii having the most eurythermal response. The Chlorophyceae exhibited thermal optima between 15–30°C, the Phaeophyceae between 15–27°C, and most Rhodophyceae between 18–24°C. Few taxa, except for Cladophora coelothrix and Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, had broad physiological tolerances to both high temperature and light regimes. Overall, the Phaeophyceae exhibited the most restricted temperature and light optima, while the Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae exhibited broader tolerances

Full transmission through perfect-conductor subwavelength hole arrays

Light transmission through 2D subwavelength hole arrays in perfect-conductor films is shown to be complete (100%) at some resonant wavelengths even for arbitrarily narrow holes. Conversely, the reflection on a 2D planar array of non-absorbing scatterers is shown to be complete at some wavelengths regardless how weak the scatterers are. These results are proven analytically and corroborated by rigorous numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. This work supports the central role played by dynamical diffraction during light transmission through subwavelength hole arrays and it provides a systematics to analyze more complex geometries and many of the features observed in connection with transmission through hole arrays.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Southern expansion of the brown alga Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau (Scytosiphonales) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean

Blackler first recorded Colpomenia peregrina in the Northwest Atlantic based on collections from Nova Scotia, Canada. Five decades later we found large quantities of C. peregrina in Maine, USA, even though it was absent during earlier floristic studies in this region. Thus, C. peregrina has undergone a rapid southern expansion along the Northwest Atlantic coast. While the causes of such an expansion are unknown, it could have a major effect on both shellfish cultivation and native seaweeds within New England because of competitive interactions and increased drag

Probing the interaction between solid benzene and water using vacuum ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy

We present results of a combined vacuum ultravioloet (VUV) and infrared (IR) photoabsorption study of amorphous benzene:water mixtures and layers to investigate the benzene-water interaction in the solid phase. UV spectra of 1:1, 1:10 and 1:100 benzene:water mixtures at 24 K reveal a concentration dependent shift in the energies of the 1B2u, 1B1u and 1E1u electronic states of benzene. All the electronic bands blueshift from pure amorphous benzene towards gas phase energies with increasing water concentration. IR results reveal a strong dOH-π benzene-water interaction via the dangling OH stretch of water with the delocalised π system of the benzene molecule. Although this interaction influences the electronic states of benzene with the benzenewater interaction causing a redshift in the electronic states from that of the free benzene molecule, the benzene-benzene interaction has a more significant effect on the electronic states of benzene. VUV spectra of benzene and water layers show evidence of non-wetting between benzene and water, characterised by Rayleigh scattering tails at wavelengths greater than 220 nm. Our results also show evidence of benzene-water interaction at the benzene-water interface affecting both the benzene and the water electronic states. Annealing the mixtures and layers of benzene and water show that benzene remains trapped within in/under water ice until water desorption near 160 K. These first systematic studies of binary amorphous mixtures in the VUV, supported with complementary IR studies, provide a deeper insight into the influence of intermolecular interactions on intramolecular electronic states with significant implications for our understanding of photochemical processes in more realistic astrochemical environments