Time-series analysis of seasonal patterns for pneumonia deaths in Peru, 2003-2017 period

Introduction. It is generally accepted that respiratory infections are seasonal, but high-frequency periods are rarely identified at the local level in a country with diverse climates. Anticipating the pneumonia season locally can provide a better use of critical resources. Objective. The aim of the study was to examine seasonal variability in monthly deaths due to pneumonia in Peru. Methods. Observational retrospective study using time series analysis to identify periods of high pneumonia mortality in seven cities in Peru. We reviewed administrative reports from the Ministry of Health for pneumonia deaths during 2003-2017. Descriptive statistics were calculated and a time series analysis at a monthly scale was performed on the frequency of deaths due to pneumonia, cumulative rainfall, and maximum and minimum environmental temperatures. Results: 94.4% of pneumonia deaths (N = 166,844) were reported as pneumonia due to “unspecified organism”, and 75.6% were adults older than 65 years. In the cities of Tarma, Arequipa and Cusco, minimum ambient temperature is negatively correlated to pneumonia deaths in all age groups and at least one risk group. In Iquitos, minimum temperature is positively correlated with deaths among children under 5 years of age. The cities of Pucallpa and Cajamarca reported no statistically significant correlation. The climate in Lima is a peculiar case. The distribution of pneumonia deaths throughout the year suggests a north-south sequence, while the climate space-time analysis suggests a south-north pattern. Conclusion: Results show different seasonal patterns for pneumonia deaths in different cities and risk groups.Revisión por pare

Control interno en el fondo de caja chica de la empresa Eckerd Perú S.A. Chorrillos-2014

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel del control interno en el fondo de caja chica de empresa Eckerd Perú S.A -Chorrillos 2014. La investigación realizada fue de tipo básica, de nivel descriptivo, con un diseño no experimental. Tipo estudio básico ya que nos proporciona información útil como nuevas ideas, nuevos conceptos para enriquecer el conocimiento teórico, Descriptiva porque busca únicamente describir situaciones o acontecimientos no experimentales porque no se manipulan la variable, solo se observa tal como se presentan en su contexto natural, transversal por que se da en un determinado tiempo. Cuyos resultados se evidencian a través de tablas y figuras tal como recomienda las normas estadísticas. A través de la investigación realizada con 20 trabajadores del departamento de contabilidad de la empresa Eckerd Perú S.A. se ha logrado afirmar que el nivel de control interno en el Fondo de la Caja Chica presenta un nivel Moderado con tendencia alta. La técnica que se utilizo fue la encuesta teniendo como instrumento el cuestionario, N° 1 denominado control interno en el fondo de caja chica. El cuestionario fue sometido a la validez de contenido a través del juicio de tres expertos con un resultado de aplicable, tal como consta en los anexos y los respectivos certificados. Se determinó el índice de confiabilidad de los instrumentos con la prueba Alfa de Cronbach siendo este resultado de 0.761indicándonos fuerte confiabilidad

Consideraciones en torno a la relación realidad - lenguaje en la comunicación del hombre como ser simbólico desde la perspectiva contemporánea y sus implicaciones en el contexto educativo actual

El presente trabajo versa sobre la relación realidad-lenguaje desde una perspectiva comunicacional, simbólica y hermenéutica, buscando reconocer sus implicaciones en la reflexión pedagógica actual. Se revisa el concepto de realidad como construcción primariamente individual y secundariamente social partiendo de los trabajos de Goodman sobre la complejidad de la percepción, así como las reflexiones de Watzlawick sobre las implicaciones del fenómeno de la comunicación. Se ejemplifican estas posturas teóricas mostrándose la variabilidad de la percepción visual humana y la posibilidad de construir múltiples versiones de la realidad a partir del discurso, tocándose así el fenómeno del lenguaje, entendido desde las perspectivas de Humboldt, Jung, Cormfort, Cassirer, y Hall. Se aborda así mismo la relación lenguaje-realidad o realidades desde lo mítico y su visión del mundo como totalidad y desde la filosofía que desarrolla de diferentes maneras la metafísica como intento de entender lo real apelando a modelos únicos y constantes. Se reflexiona sobre la versión (moderna) científica del mundo, que pretende homogeneizar la realidad privilegiando una explicación geométrico-física fragmentaria que legitima ciertas interpretaciones frente a otras consideradas ¿no científicas¿. A partir de los trabajos de Goodman, Serna y Ballesteros, se afirma que aquellas versiones de la realidad que pretenden erigir una verdad única son reduccionistas en la manera de entender el mundo, pues este, más bien, parece ser construido a partir de una percepción individual y de la consecuente elaboración de los hechos por medio del universo de lo simbólico, que permite que la realidad se complejice y se cargue con las elaboraciones de otros individuos

Microglial response differences between amyloidogenic transgenic models and Alzheimer’s disease patients

Aims: The continuing failure to develop an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) reveals the complexity for AD pathology. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation involving particularly microglial cells contributes to disease pathogenesis. Here we analyze the differences in the microglial response between APP/PS1 model and human brains. Methods: RT-PCR, western blots, and immunostaining were performed in the hippocampus of human post mortem samples (from Braak II to Braak V-VI) and APP751SL/PS1M146L mice. In vitro studies to check the effect of S1 fractions on microglial cells were assayed. Results: In APP based models the high Abeta accumulation triggers a prominent microglial response. On the contrary, the microglial response detected in human samples is, at least, partial or really mild. This patent difference could simple reflect the lower and probably slower Abeta production observed in human hippocampal samples, in comparison with models or could reflect the consequence of a chronic long-standing microglial activation. However, beside this differential response, we also observed a prominent microglial degenerative process in Braak V-VI samples that, indeed, could compromise their normal role of surveying the brain environment and respond to the damage. This microglial degeneration, particularly relevant at the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, might be mediated by the accumulation of toxic soluble phospho-tau species. Conclusions: These differences need to be considered when delineating animal models that better integrate the complexity of AD pathology and, therefore, guarantee clinical translation. Correcting dysregulated brain inflammatory responses might be a promising avenue to restore cognitive function. Supported by grants FIS PI15/00796 and FIS PI15/00957 co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union, and by Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia CTS385 2035.Financiado por FIS PI15/00796 y FIS PI15/0095, cofinanciado por los fondos FEDER de la Unión Europea, y por Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia CTS385 2035. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Criterios aplicados para determinar la indemnización del cónyuge afectado en el divorcio por la causal de adulterio en un juzgado peruano

In Peru, there is jurisprudence and doctrine on compensation for adultery, as a result, it is observed whether the judges of courts use those guidelines or criteria given by the legislative sources or if they use their own criteria to issue a sentence. In this sense, the purpose of the article was to determine the criteria that the magistrate of the 1st specialized family court of Tarapoto takes into account to set the compensation of the spouse affected by the separation from the body for the cause of adultery in relation to the processes developed; the type of research was quantitative, descriptive and non-experimental, using a documentary analysis sheet as an instrument. Among the results, 62.25% of claims were declared admissible and of these claims, 100% have obtained a type of reparation/compensation for non-pecuniary damage, as well as knowing the criteria applied in court for a correct process. . It is concluded that knowing the divorce on the grounds of adultery is considered the necessary documentation that proves the damage for compensation, reparation of the innocent spouse, the most common repair being moral damage, later that of loss of earnings and consequential damage.  En el Perú existe jurisprudencia y doctrina sobre la indemnización por adulterio, a raíz de ello, se observa si es que los jueces de juzgados utilizan esos lineamientos o criterios dados por las fuentes legislativas o si utilizan su propio criterio para expedir una sentencia. En este sentido, el propósito del artículo fue determinar los criterios que tiene en cuenta la magistrada del 1er juzgado especializado de familia de Tarapoto para fijar la indemnización del cónyuge afectado por la separación de cuerpo por la causal de adulterio en relación a los procesos desarrollados; el tipo de investigación fue cuantitativa, descriptiva y no experimental, empleando una ficha de análisis documental como instrumento. Entre los resultados se destaca el 62,25% de demandas fueron declaradas procedentes y de esas demandas procedentes el 100% ha obtenido un tipo de reparación/indemnización en daño moral, así como conocer el criterio que se aplica en el juzgado para un correcto proceso. Se concluye que al conocer el divorcio por la causal de adulterio se considera la documentación necesaria que acredite el daño para la indemnización, reparación del cónyuge inocente, siendo la reparación más común la de daño moral, posterior la del lucro cesante y daño emergente

Microglial responses in the human Alzheimer’s disease frontal cortex

The continuing failure to develop an effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) reveals the complexity for this pathology. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation involving particularly microglial cells contributes to AD pathogenesis. The actual view, based on the findings in APP based models, gives a cytotoxic/proinflammatory role to activated microglia. However, we have previously reported a limited activation and microglial degeneration in the hippocampus of AD patients in contrast with that observed in amyloidogenic models. Here, we evaluated the microglial response in a different region of AD brains, the frontal cortex. Post mortem tissue from controls (Braak 0-II) and AD patients (Braak V-VI) including familial cases, were obtained from Spain Neurological Tissue Banks. Cellular (immunohistochemistry and image analysis) and molecular (qPCR and western blots) approaches were performed. Frontal cortex of AD patients (Braak V-VI) showed strong microglial activation similar to that observed in amyloidogenic mice. These strongly activated microglial cells, predominantly located surrounding amyloid plaques, could drive the AD pathology and, in consequence, could be implicated in the pathology progression. Furthermore, different microglial responses were observed between sporadic and familial AD cases. These findings in the frontal cortex were highly in contrast to the attenuated activation and degenerative morphology displayed by microglial cells in the hippocampus of AD patients. Regional differences in the microglial response suggest different functional states of microglial cells in a region-specific manner. All together, these data provide a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying AD progression and uncover new potential therapeutic targets to fight this devastating neurodegenerative disease.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Supported by PI18/01557 (AG) and PI18/01556 (JV) grants from ISCiii of Spain co-financed by FEDER funds from European Unio

Decoding damage-associated microglia in post mortem hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease patients

The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and neuroinflammation has become stronger since the identification of several genetic risk factors related to microglial function. Though the role of microglial cells in the development/progression of AD is still unknown, a dysfunctional response has recently gained support. In this sense, we have reported an attenuated microglial activation associated to amyloid plaques in the hippocampus of AD patients, including a prominent degenerative process of the microglial population in the dentate gyrus, which was in contrast to the exacerbated microglial response in amyloidogenic models. This microglial degeneration could compromise their normal role of surveying the brain environment and respond to the damage. Here, we have further analyzed the phenotypic profile displayed by the damage-associated microglial cells by immunostaining and qPCR in the hippocampus of postmortem samples of AD patients (Braak V-VI) and control cases (Braak 0-II). Damage-associated microglial cells of Braak V-VI individuals were clustered around amyloid plaques and expressed Iba1, CD68, Trem2, TMEM119 and CD45high. A subset of these cells also expressed ferritin. On the contrary, these microglia down-regulated homeostatic markers, such as Cx3cr1 and P2ry12. The homeostatic and ramified microglial cells of non-demented Braak II cases were characterized by Iba1, CX3CR1, P2ry12, TMEM119 and CD45low expression. The dynamic of the microglial molecular phenotypes associated to AD pathology needs to be considered for better understand the disease complexity and, therefore, guarantee clinical success. Correcting dysregulated brain inflammatory responses might be a promising avenue to prevent/slow cognitive decline.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de excelencia Internacional-Andalucía Tech. Supported by PI18/01557 (AG) and PI18/01556 (JV) grants from ISCiii of Spain co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union

Dissecting the microglial response in transgenic models of amyloidogenesis and tauopathy

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide deposits and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (phospho-tau) accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. These abnormal protein aggregates leads to glial activation, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal loss and cognitive decline. While microglial response has mostly been analyzed in relation to Abeta accumulation, little is still known about inflammatory processes associated with tau pathology. Microglial reactivity and defective glial responses have been involved in these proteinopathies. Our aim is to clarify the effects of Abeta and tau separately, in order to improve the comprehension of their differential contribution to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We compared the progression of these processes in an amyloidogenic AD model (APPSL/PS1M146L) and two different models of tauopathy (ThyTau22 and hP301S) from 2 to 18 months of age. Accumulation of aggregated proteins was assessed using specific anti- Abeta and phospho-tau antibodies. Inflammatory response was studied using a battery of microglial markers (Iba1, CD45, CD68, Trem2 and Gal-3). In the hippocampus of these models, Tau and Abeta pathologies initiated as early as 2 months of age and increased progressively with aging. Neuritic plaques induced a strong microglial activation associated to plaques in APP/PS1 mice. Interestingly, inflammatory markers and microglial reactivity were barely increased in the hippocampus of ThyTau mice in contrast to not only APP/PS1, but also to P301S mice, which displayed a prominent microglial response. Deciphering the specific effects of Abeta, tau and their different toxic species, would indeed enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies and drugs targeting neuroinflammatory pathways related to these proteinopathies.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de excelencia Andalucía-Tech. Supported by PI18/01557 (AG) and PI18/01556 (JV) grants from ISCiii of Spain co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union, and by grant PPIT.UMA.B1.2017/26 (RS-V)

“Need to know” and the right temporal lobe: Impaired access to semantic knowledge in acquired obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Introduction : Idiopathic obsessive-compulsive disorder (I-OCD) has been linked to abnormalities in corticostriatal circuits. Few studies have examined if the same structures are also responsible of acquired OCD (A-OCD) or if damage to anatomically-connected brain regions (e.g., temporal lobes) are also implicated in its pathogenesis. Additionally, there are some discrete obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms that by virtue of their presumed low occurrence and difficultly of categorization have received less attention. Amongst these, one intriguing and potentially severe type of obsessive thinking is the so-called “need to know” (NtK), a strong drive to know and obtain given information. In some patients this specific symptom, presumably resulting from impaired access to conceptual knowledge for specific verbal information (proper names, names of places), may be the principal or major feature of OCD symptomatology. We here report the cases of two male patients who developed “NtK” as the only OC symptomatology in association with malignant neoplasms involving the right temporal lobe and connected corticostriatal circuits. Methods : We used Tractotron and Disconnectome map softwares in order to identify the regions of white matter damage overlap across both patients and the proportion of damage (lesion load) of each tract of interest for each patient. We quantified the severity of the disconnection by measuring the proportion of each tract of interest to be affected by each patient´s lesion by using Tractotron software. Additionally, Positron Emission Tomography was used in order to study metabolic abnormalities. The tracts of interest were: the uncinate fasciculus, the anterior commissure, the anterior thalamic radiations, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Results : There was a high overlap across brain lesions in patients 1 and 2. There was also a high overlap between areas that were affected (disconnected) due to the lesion. As expected, all the a priori selected pathways in the right hemisphere were affected since they cross the anterior part of the temporal lobe. Disconnection maps and metabolic changes in our patients suggest that the expression of OC symptoms underpinned by a semantic deficit due to right temporal damage is secondary to involvement of the uncinate fasciculus linking the temporal pole with the orbitofrontal cortex. Discussion : Data from the present study concur with previous research on A-OCD and current findings in I-OCD which suggest that the temporal lobes participate in the phenomenological expression of OCD. Also, patients with lesions in the anterior temporal lobe are prone to show a specific “Need to Know” symptoms phenomenologically similar to patients with semantic dementia in later stages. The expression of OC symptoms underpinned by a semantic deficit because of anterior right temporal lobe lesion, are due to a disconnection of the uncinate fasciculus and the orbitofrontal cortex. Further research about the neurological underpinnings of specific OCD subtypes, its evaluation and treatment, are essential. References : Berthier ML et al. Neurology. (1996) 47: 353–61. Huey E et al. J Neuropsych Clin Neurosci (2008). 20(4):390-408 Keywords : Emotions & Social Cognition; patients; single case study; adults; psychiatric; lesion mapping, behavioural.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Influencia de la adición del mineral no metálico romerillo para un concreto permeable en pavimento f'c 210 kg/cm2, Trujillo 2023

El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la influencia de la adición del mineral no metálico Romerillo en un concreto permeable para pavimento con resistencia f'c de 210 kg/cm² en Trujillo 2023. Mediante un enfoque aplicado y cuantitativo con diseño cuasi experimental, se analizaron 36 testigos cilíndricos según las normativas NTP 339.033 y ASTM C 31. Los resultados indican una reducción del 65.53% en el coeficiente de permeabilidad con la adición de Romerillo, evidenciando un impacto positivo en la capacidad del concreto para permitir el flujo de fluidos. La resistencia del concreto permeable mejora considerablemente con Romerillo, presentando disminuciones proporcionales en diferentes periodos de curado. Con un 20% de Romerillo, la resistencia a la compresión promedio alcanza 197 kg/cm², con reducciones de 75.25%, 72.45%, y 65.67%. Además, el análisis de las bandas de infrarrojo (IR) confirma la presencia de Caolinita en el material. En conclusión, la adición de Romerillo impacta positivamente en la capacidad del concreto permeable para permitir el flujo de fluidos y mejora significativamente su resistencia, destacando su efecto positivo en la durabilidad y resistencia del material