Rola niekorzystnych warunków społeczno-ekonomicznych (bieda) i niedostatku materialnego dzieci w przewidywanym postępowaniu rodziców

The global economic crisis has not only shaken up the economy, but also family functioning, in which the most vulnerable groups took the hardest hit – children and adolescents. The goal of this scientific paper is to examine the role of an adverse socioeconomic family environment and the perception of material deprivation of children in forming an experience of parental acceptance, rejection and control.610 participants from primary schools of Croatia were involved in the research (51.6% girls and 44.8% boys, not all respondents provided the information about their sex), with average age being 13.88 years (SD = 0.73). Along with the Questionnaires of general data and SES questionnaire, the research included the Scale of material deprivation of students and Scale of perception of parental behaviour – SPRP (Macuka, 2008).The results of regression analysis indicate that the bigger the material deprivation of children, the smaller the amount of acceptance, and the larger the rejection of both parents and mother’s control. In the case of anticipating the control of the father, it does not have any predictive power. It was indicated that material deprivation of children is a more significant predictor of parental behaviour (acceptance, rejection and control) than the socioeconomic status.The conclusion points out the need for creating a family empowerment program and the importance of caring parental behaviour, along with the devastating effects of inadequate parental actions.Globalny kryzys ekonomiczny nie tylko zachwiał gospodarką, ale także funkcjonowaniem rodziny, w której najbardziej narażonymi grupami stały się dzieci i młodzież. Celem tej pracy jest zbadanie roli niekorzystnego społeczno-ekonomicznego środowiska rodzinnego i niedostatku materialnego dzieci w kształtowaniu doświadczenia rodzicielskiej akceptacji, odrzucenia i kontroli.W badaniu wzięło udział 610 uczniów szkół podstawowych w Chorwacji (51,6% dziewcząt i 44,8% chłopców; nie wszyscy respondenci podali płeć) ze średnią wieku 13,88 (SD = 0,73). Wraz z kwestionariuszami Questionnaires of general data oraz SES questionnaire, w badaniach zastosowano skale Scale of material deprivation of students i Scale of perception of parental behaviour – SPRP (Macuka, 2008).Wyniki analizy regresji oznaczają, że im wyższy niedostatek materialny dzieci, tym mniejsza doza akceptacji i większe odrzucenie obu rodziców i kontrola matki. W przypadku przewidywania kontroli ojca nie ma żadnej mocy przewidywalnej. Wskazano, że niedostatek materialny dzieci jest bardziej znaczącym czynnikiem prognostycznym zachowania rodziców (akceptacja, odrzucenie i kontrola) niż status społeczno-ekonomiczny.Wnioski wskazują na potrzebę utworzenia programu upełnomocnienia rodziny oraz wagę troskliwego zachowania rodzicielskiego, wraz z druzgocącymi skutkami nieadekwatnych działań rodzicielskich

Značaj antioksidanata u zaštiti od mikotoksikoza kod domaćih životinja

Mycotoxins are biologically active substances that are synthesized by saprophytic and parasitic fungi, and which, when taken into organism by ingestion, can provoke intoxications known as mycotoxicoses. Farm animals show different susceptibility to mycotoxins depending on various factors: genetic (species and breeds), physiological (age and obesity) and environmental (hygienic and climatic). One of the mechanisms of mycotoxin activities is peroxidation of lipids brought about directly by the production of free radicals or by increased sensitivity of tissue to peroxidation. Peroxidation of lipids provoked by mycotoxins is caused by low level of natural antioxidants, so they have a crucial role in the protection against mycotoxins. Nutritive stress can influence negatively the relationship between antioxidants/pro-oxidants, and mycotoxins are nowadays regarded as leading factors of stress induced by nutrition. This optimal relationship can be regulated by the use of antioxidants in food (selenium, vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) known to prevent tissue damages caused by free radicals. Selenium and vitamin E are essential nutrients which contribute to the preservation of animal health by realizing mutual biological activities in the organism. This paper presents the findings on mechanisms of the action of different species of mycotoxins and the importance of antioxidative protection in farm animals, as well as the results of our investigations of influence of mycotoxins on the occurrence of some reproductive disorders in pigs.Mikotoksini su biološki aktivne materije koje sintetišu saprofitne i parazitske gljivice, a uneti ingestijom u organizam izazivaju trovanja koja se nazivaju mikotoksikoze. Domaće životinje su različito osetljive na mikotoksine zavisno od različitih faktora: genetskih (vrste i rase), fizioloških (starosti i uhranjenosti) i uslova sredine (higijenskih i klimatskih). Jedan od mehanizama delovanja mikotoksina je peroksidacija lipida direktno proizvodnjom slobodnih radikala ili povećanjem osetljivosti tkiva na peroksidaciju. Peroksidacija lipida izazvana mikotoksinima je prouzrokovana niskim nivoom prirodnih antioksidanata, tako da oni imaju ključnu ulogu u zaštiti od mikotoksina. Nutritivni stres nepovoljno utiče na odnos antioksidanta/pro-oksidanta, a mikotoksini se danas smatraju vodećim faktorima stresa izazvanih ishranom. Ovaj optimalan odnos može se regulisati upotrebom antioksidanata u hrani (selen, vitamin E, karotinoidi, i dr.) koji sprečavaju tkivna oštećenja uzrokovana slobodnim radikalima. Selen i vitamin E su esencijalni nutricijenti koji doprinose očuvanju zdravlja životinja ostvarivanjem zajedničkih bioloških aktivnosti u organizmu. U ovom radu biće prikazana saznanja o mehanizmima delovanja različitih vrsta mikotoksina i značaja antioksidativne zaštite kod domaćih životinja, kao i rezultati naših ispitivanja uticaja mikotoksina na pojavu pojedinih reproduktivnih poremećaja kod svinja

Uticaj sastojaka kukureka (Helleborus odorus Waldst.et Kit.) na hematološke parametre, proteine akutne faze i funkcije neutrofilnih granulocita pacova

Within the framework of this PhD thesis, we investigated effects that ingredients of petroleum ether (PHE), chloroform (CHE), methanol (MHE) and aqueous extract of rhizome and root of Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. (HE) might have on hematological parameter values, acute phase response (sedimentation rate and concentration of acute phase proteins) and neutrophil granulocytes functions (intensity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst) in Wistar rats. Sterile saline, in the amount of 2,5 ml/kg BW, was applied intramuscularly (IM) to the animals in a control group. The experimental groups were treated intramuscularly with different Hellebores extracts in a doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW and blood was collected following 24 hrs. We have also investigated the influence of methanol and aqueous extracts injected 24 hrs after triple treatments of rats with dexamethasone in a dose of 1 mg/kg BW on the parameters enlisted above. The experiment was conducted on the total of 147 rats divided in 21 groups consisting of 7 animals each. Application of different MHE and HE doses (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW) resulted in significant increase of total leukocyte count, number and percent of neutrophil granulocytes and this efect was dose dependent. These effects were also evident 24 hrs following dexamethasone treatment. In all experimental groups, lymphocyte count and percent of lymphocytes was decreased while neutrophil/lymphocyte index was increased. Other two extracts (PHE and CHE) did not exert significant effects on the above mentioned parameters. Hellebores extracts didn't influence monocyte number and percent, but increase in their number was registered after treatment with MHE and HE following dexamethasone injections. Thrombocyte count was decreased. Applied extracts didn't exert hemolitic activity and hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased. Sedimentation rate in all observed intervals was significantly increased in all groups treated with Hellebores extracts alone or in combinations with dexamethasone. Methanol and aqueous extract exerted were the most effective. Statistically significant decrease in albumin concentration and elevation of fibrinogen concentration was registrated after single application of MHE and HE alone or in combination with dexamethasone. Treatment of experimental groups with petroleum ether and chloroform extract didn't elevate albumin concentration, and exerted negative influence on the fibrinogen concentration. Application of MHE and HE resulted in significant haptoglobin concentration increase and this effect was dose dependent. Differences in haptoglobin mean values following triple treatment with dexamethasone didn't significantly differ when compared to the values recorded in groups aditionally treated with Hellebores extracts. Intensity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst by neutrophils were significantly increased with MHE and HE. Acute inflammatory reaction developed 24 hrs following application of different MHE and HE doses alone, or in combination with dexamethasone, but not and after treatment with PHE and CHE.U okviru ove doktorske disertacije je ispitivan uticaj sastojaka petroletarskog (PEK), hloroformskog (HEK), metanolnog (MEK) i vodenog ekstrakta (EK) rizoma i korena Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. na hematološke parametre, odgovor akutne faze (brzinu sedimentacije i koncentraciju proteina akutne faze) i funkcije neutrofilnih granulocita (stepen fagocitoze i intenzitet oksidativnog praska) kod Wistar pacova. Kontrolnoj grupi je intramuskularno (IM) aplikovan sterilan fiziološki rastvor u količini od 2,5 ml/kg TM. Ogledne grupe su IM tretirane različitim ekstraktima kukureka u dozama od 50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM, a krv za analizu je uzimana posle 24h. Osim toga, ispitivan je i uticaj vodenog i metanolnog ekstrakta aplikovanih 24h nakon trokratnog tretmana pacova deksametazonom u dozi od 1 mg/kg TM, na uočene efekte. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 147 pacova podeljenih u 21 grupu od po 7 jedinki. Aplikovanje različitih doza (50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM) metanolnog i vodenog ekstrakta je dovelo do značajnog povećanja broja ukupnih leukocita, broja i procenta neutrofilnih granulocita, srazmernog primenjenoj dozi. Ove promene su bile izražene i kada se ekstrakti primenjuju 24h nakon aplikacije deksametazona. Aplikovanje ovih ekstrakata je imalo za posledicu smanjenje broja i procenta limfocita i povećanje neutrofilno/limfocitnog indeksa u svim oglednim grupama. Srednje vrednosti navedenih parametra su se neznatno menjale posle aplikovanja petroletarskog i hloroformskog ekstrakta. Ispitivani ekstrakti nisu uticali na broj i procenat monocita, ali je povećanje broja ovih krvnih elemenata registrovano kod primene MEK i EK nakon tretmana pacova deksametazonom. Upotrebljeni ekstrakti nisu ispoljili hemolitičku aktivnost, koncentracija hemoglobina je bila značajno povećana, a broj trombocita smanjen. Značajno bržu sedimentaciju u svim posmatranim intervalima su imali eritrociti pacova oglednih grupa kojima su aplikovani pojedinačni ekstrakti kukureka ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazonom, a najizraženiji efekat su ispoljili metanolni i vodeni ekstrakt. Statistički značajno smanjenje koncentracije albumina i povećanje koncentracija fibrinogena je utvrđeno nakon pojedinačnog aplikovanja MEK i EK ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazonom. Tretman oglednih grupa petroletarskim i hloroformskim ekstraktom nije uticao na koncentraciju albumina, a ispoljio je negativan efekat na koncentraciju fibrinogena. Aplikovanje MEK i EK je dovelo do značajnog povećanja koncentracije haptoglobina, a sa povećanjem aplikovane doze, povećavala se i vrednost ovog parametra. Razlika u prosečnoj vrednosti koncentracije haptoglobina kod pacova kojima je trokratno aplikovan deksametazon nije bila signifikantna u odnosu na grupe koje su dodatno tretirane navedenim ekstraktima. Upotrebljeni metanolni i vodeni ekstrakt su doveli do značajnog povećanja stepena fagocitoze i intenziteta oksidativnog praska neutrofilnih granulocita. Akutna zapaljenska reakcija se razvija 24h posle pojedinačnog aplikovanja različitih doza metanolnog i vodenog ekstrakta ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazonom, ali ne i nakon tretmana petroletarskim i hloroformskim ekstraktom

Influence of Hellebores Ingredients (Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit.) on Hematological Parameters, Acute Phase Proteins and Neutrophil Granulocytes Functions in Rats

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije je ispitivan uticaj sastojaka petroletarskog (PEK), hloroformskog (HEK), metanolnog (MEK) i vodenog ekstrakta (EK) rizoma i korena Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. na hematološke parametre, odgovor akutne faze (brzinu sedimentacije i koncentraciju proteina akutne faze) i funkcije neutrofilnih granulocita (stepen fagocitoze i intenzitet oksidativnog praska) kod Wistar pacova. Kontrolnoj grupi je intramuskularno (IM) aplikovan sterilan fiziološki rastvor u količini od 2,5 ml/kg TM. Ogledne grupe su IM tretirane različitim ekstraktima kukureka u dozama od 50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM, a krv za analizu je uzimana posle 24h. Osim toga, ispitivan je i uticaj vodenog i metanolnog ekstrakta aplikovanih 24h nakon trokratnog tretmana pacova deksametazonom u dozi od 1 mg/kg TM, na uočene efekte. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 147 pacova podeljenih u 21 grupu od po 7 jedinki. Aplikovanje različitih doza (50, 100 ili 200 mg/kg TM) metanolnog i vodenog ekstrakta je dovelo do značajnog povećanja broja ukupnih leukocita, broja i procenta neutrofilnih granulocita, srazmernog primenjenoj dozi. Ove promene su bile izražene i kada se ekstrakti primenjuju 24h nakon aplikacije deksametazona. Aplikovanje ovih ekstrakata je imalo za posledicu smanjenje broja i procenta limfocita i povećanje neutrofilno/limfocitnog indeksa u svim oglednim grupama. Srednje vrednosti navedenih parametra su se neznatno menjale posle aplikovanja petroletarskog i hloroformskog ekstrakta. Ispitivani ekstrakti nisu uticali na broj i procenat monocita, ali je povećanje broja ovih krvnih elemenata registrovano kod primene MEK i EK nakon tretmana pacova deksametazonom. Upotrebljeni ekstrakti nisu ispoljili hemolitičku aktivnost, koncentracija hemoglobina je bila značajno povećana, a broj trombocita smanjen. Značajno bržu sedimentaciju u svim posmatranim intervalima su imali eritrociti pacova oglednih grupa kojima su aplikovani pojedinačni ekstrakti kukureka ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazonom, a najizraženiji efekat su ispoljili metanolni i vodeni ekstrakt. Statistički značajno smanjenje koncentracije albumina i povećanje koncentracija fibrinogena je utvrđeno nakon pojedinačnog aplikovanja MEK i EK ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazonom. Tretman oglednih grupa petroletarskim i hloroformskim ekstraktom nije uticao na koncentraciju albumina, a ispoljio je negativan efekat na koncentraciju fibrinogena. Aplikovanje MEK i EK je dovelo do značajnog povećanja koncentracije haptoglobina, a sa povećanjem aplikovane doze, povećavala se i vrednost ovog parametra. Razlika u prosečnoj vrednosti koncentracije haptoglobina kod pacova kojima je trokratno aplikovan deksametazon nije bila signifikantna u odnosu na grupe koje su dodatno tretirane navedenim ekstraktima. Upotrebljeni metanolni i vodeni ekstrakt su doveli do značajnog povećanja stepena fagocitoze i intenziteta oksidativnog praska neutrofilnih granulocita. Akutna zapaljenska reakcija se razvija 24h posle pojedinačnog aplikovanja različitih doza metanolnog i vodenog ekstrakta ili u kombinaciji sa deksametazonom, ali ne i nakon tretmana petroletarskim i hloroformskim ekstraktom.Within the framework of this PhD thesis, we investigated effects that ingredients of petroleum ether (PHE), chloroform (CHE), methanol (MHE) and aqueous extract of rhizome and root of Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. (HE) might have on hematological parameter values, acute phase response (sedimentation rate and concentration of acute phase proteins) and neutrophil granulocytes functions (intensity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst) in Wistar rats. Sterile saline, in the amount of 2,5 ml/kg BW, was applied intramuscularly (IM) to the animals in a control group. The experimental groups were treated intramuscularly with different Hellebores extracts in a doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW and blood was collected following 24 hrs. We have also investigated the influence of methanol and aqueous extracts injected 24 hrs after triple treatments of rats with dexamethasone in a dose of 1 mg/kg BW on the parameters enlisted above. The experiment was conducted on the total of 147 rats divided in 21 groups consisting of 7 animals each. Application of different MHE and HE doses (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg BW) resulted in significant increase of total leukocyte count, number and percent of neutrophil granulocytes and this efect was dose dependent. These effects were also evident 24 hrs following dexamethasone treatment. In all experimental groups, lymphocyte count and percent of lymphocytes was decreased while neutrophil/lymphocyte index was increased. Other two extracts (PHE and CHE) did not exert significant effects on the above mentioned parameters. Hellebores extracts didn't influence monocyte number and percent, but increase in their number was registered after treatment with MHE and HE following dexamethasone injections. Thrombocyte count was decreased. Applied extracts didn't exert hemolitic activity and hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased. Sedimentation rate in all observed intervals was significantly increased in all groups treated with Hellebores extracts alone or in combinations with dexamethasone. Methanol and aqueous extract exerted were the most effective. Statistically significant decrease in albumin concentration and elevation of fibrinogen concentration was registrated after single application of MHE and HE alone or in combination with dexamethasone. Treatment of experimental groups with petroleum ether and chloroform extract didn't elevate albumin concentration, and exerted negative influence on the fibrinogen concentration. Application of MHE and HE resulted in significant haptoglobin concentration increase and this effect was dose dependent. Differences in haptoglobin mean values following triple treatment with dexamethasone didn't significantly differ when compared to the values recorded in groups aditionally treated with Hellebores extracts. Intensity of phagocytosis and oxidative burst by neutrophils were significantly increased with MHE and HE. Acute inflammatory reaction developed 24 hrs following application of different MHE and HE doses alone, or in combination with dexamethasone, but not and after treatment with PHE and CHE

Leukocitarni profil u krmača tokom laktacionog perioda

During prepartum and postpartum period, there occurs in sows a significant change in the values of haematologic and biochemical parameters. The objective of this research paper was to examine the change in the count of the cells of white blood line in the course of lactation period. The trial was conducted on ten Swedish Landrace breed sows, having the blood taken on the first day postpartum (1-6h), and in the third and fourth week of lactation. The results obtained for haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes, and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. In examined time intervals the number of basophils did not change significantly. The neutrophil-limphocyte index was highest on the first day postpartum, while in the third and fourth week it was significantly lower.Za vreme prepartalnog i postpartalnog perioda, kod krmača dolazi do značajnih promena vrednosti hematoloških i biohemijskih parametara. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se ispitaju promene broja ćelija bele krvne loze u toku laktacionog perioda. Ogled je izveden na deset krmača rase Švedski Landras, od kojih je uzimana krv, prvog dana po partusu (1-6 h), treće i četvrte nedelje laktacije. Dobijeni rezultati hematoloških analiza ukazali su na povećanje ukupnog broja leukocita i neutrofilnih granulocita, a smanjenje broja limfocita, monocita i eozinofila prvog dana po partusu. Treće i četvrte nedelje laktacije, doslo je do statistički značajnog pada broja leukocita i granulocita u odnosu na prvi dan, a značajnog porasta limfocita, monocita i eozinofila. U ispitivanim vremenskim intervalima broj bazofila se nije značajno menjao. Neutrofilno-limfocitni indeks je bio najviši prvog dana po partusu, a treće i četvrte nedelje značajno niži

Fiziološki aspekti ponašanja krmača i prasadi u toku laktacionog perioda

Maternal ability represents complex interactions between different forms of behaviour and physiological characteristics. Behaviour and metabolic processes are partly under the control of endocrine and nervous systems. Sows are different from other mammals, in that sows bear a large number mature baby, capable immediately to suckling. Post partum anabolic processes become catabolic, giving priority to dairy gland in relation to other tissues. Maximum secretated milk takes place between 2. and 3. week. Sows lost in body mass and it is appeared the change in value of some bloods parameters. Haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value decreased during the lactation period. Level of glucose in plasma is low (it is decreasing for more than 50%), while the level of urea is high, due to huge proteins available. It can also be noticed that there is a high mobilisation of body fat an increasing level of NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid). Secretion of milk is under control prolactin and oxytocin. Oxytocin affects on maternal behaviour and prolactin is linked with timing of suck.Materinska sposobnost predstavlja kompleksne interakcije između različitih oblika ponašanja i fizioloških karakteristika. Ponašanje i metabolički procesi su delimično pod kontrolom endokrinog i nervnog sistema. Krmače se razlikuju od drugih sisara po tome što rađaju veliki broj zrelih mladih sposobnih da odmah sisaju. Nakon partusa anabolički procesi prelaze u kataboličke, dajući tako prioritet mlečnoj žlezdi u odnosu na druga tkiva. Maksimalna sekrecija mleka odvija se između 2. i 3. nedelje. Krmače gube telesnu masu i dolazi do promena vrednosti pojedinih parametara u krvi. Hematološke analize su ukazale na povećanje ukupnog broja leukocita i neutrofilnih granulocita i smanjenje broja limfocita, monocita i eozinofila prvog dana po partusu. Treće i četvrte nedelje laktacije, došlo je do statistički značajnog pada broja leukocita i granulocita u odnosu na prvi dan, a značajnog porasta limfocita, monocita i eozinofila. Broj eritrocita, koncentracija hemoglobina i vrednost hematokrita smanjuju se tokom laktacionog perida. Nivo glukoze u plazmi je veoma nizak (niži je za preko 50%), dok je nivo ureje visok usled obimnog iskorišćavanja proteina. Takođe je ustanovljeno da značajna mobilizacija telesnih masti dovodi do povećanja nivoa NEFA (nezasićenih masnih kiselina). Sekrecija mleka je pod kontrolom prolaktina i oksitocina. Oksitocin utiče na materinsko ponašanje a prolaktin je u korelaciji sa dužinom sisanja

The impact of strength training on the changes in one’s physique and resting energy expenditure

Background and Purpose: The aim of this research is to determine the way in which the strength training affects the changes in one’s physique and resting energy expenditure. Materials and Methods: 16 sedentary subjects completed strength training for seven weeks, 3 training/week. The examinee’s physique has been analyzed through bioelectrical impedance method (BIA) before and after the seven-week cycle. The variables compared are BW (body weight), WHR (waist-hip ratio), PBF (percent of body fat) and BMR (basal metabolic rate). The differences between the initial and final values have been tested by paired t-test. The correlations between those differences have been expressed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of statistical significance is p=0, 05. Results: The results indicate that the strength training, even in relatively restricted time period, influences the changes in person’s physique, as well as the changes in resting energy expenditure. The mean difference for BMR (p=0.0036), WHR (p=0,022), PBF(p=0,0184) and BW (p=0.0275) have been established for the entire sample. For the males differences were found for BMR (p=0,002), PBF (p=0,0417) and BW (p=0.0280), but no significant change in WHR. No statistically significant changes were found in female group. Correlation was found for differences in results for BMR vs BW r=0.698 (p=0.003), BMR vs WHR r=-0.578 (p=0.019), and PBF vs WHR r=0,671 (p=0,004). Conclusions: The overall changes in one’s physique and energy expenditure indicate that the strength training needs to be one of the crucial factors in physical activity, aimed at the improvement of person’s health

Efekti dodavanja pojedinih mikroelemenata - selena, cinka i bakra u hranu za mlečne krave na zdravlje i reproduktivne performanse

Microelements such as selenium, zinc and copper are indispensable nutrients for preserving major physiological functions, improving reproductive characteristics and overall health state. By their adequate use different ailments are prevented, while at the same time they have a positive effect on fertility and resistance. Insufficient quantities of these microelements, inadequate absorption and interaction with other microelements may lead to the impairment of the immune response due to metabolic and oxidative stress. In recent years, mainly organic forms of microelements have been administered to animals because they show better biological availability and can be retained longer in the organism. Besides, organic forms improve quality of products for human nutrition. Antioxidants should be added in optimal quantities in food for dairy cows with the aim of maximizing immune function and protection of tissues.Mikroelementi selen, cink i bakar su neophodni nutrijenti za očuvanje osnovnih fizioloških funkcija, zdravlja i poboljšanje reproduktivnih karakteristika. Njihovom adekvatnom primenom preveniraju se različita oboljenja, a istovremeno pozitivno utiče na fertilitet i otpornost. Nedovoljna količina ovih mikroelemenata u obroku, neadekvatna apsorpcija i interakcija sa drugim mikroelementima, mogu dovesti do slabljenja imunskog odgovora usled metaboličkog i oksidativnog stresa. Poslednjih godina, uglavnom se daju organske forme mikroelemenata, jer imaju bolju biološku raspoloživost i duže se zadržavaju u organizmu. Pored toga, organske forme poboljšavaju kvalitet proizvoda namenjenih za ishranu ljudi. Antioksidanse treba dodavati u optimalnim količinama u hranu za mlečne krave u cilju maksimiziranja imunske funkcije i zaštite tkiva

Mere zdravstvene zaštite pčela od varooze u Crnoj Gori

Varroosis is a disease of bees and their brood caused by Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite (acarine). This parasite is present throughout the year in bee colonies feeding on hemolymph from adult bees, larvae and pupae. Varroosis is also present in the beekeeping of Montenegro. Measures to prevent varroosis include beekeeping on favorable terrains, early detection of diseases, control of newly procured colonies, application of the principles of good beekeeping practice, control of treatment efficiency etc. Diagnostic examination for varroosis is carried out once a year - until the end of March in all bee colonies. For mite control, only registered products should be used. In Montenegro, natural preparations are registered - Apiguard (based on thymol) and Api Life Var (based on thymol, eucalyptus oil, camphor and L-menthol). Varroa quickly becomes resistant to synthetic chemical preparations based on compounds, such as amitraz, coumaphos, synthetic pyrethroids - fluvalinate and flumethrin. In addition to gaining resistance, there is a great danger of depositing residues in bee products. Such bee products are a source of contamination for humans through the consumption of bee products (honey, royal jelly, propolis, etc.) and bee wax is a source of contamination through cosmetic products that contain it. Therefore, these synthetic preparations should not be used for the treatment of bee colonies against varroa.Varooza je bolest pčelinjeg legla i pčela koju izaziva ektoparazit, krpelj (akarina) Varroa destructor. Ovaj parazit je prisutan tokom cele godine u pčelinjoj zajednici i hrani se hemolimfom pčela, larvi i lutki. Mere za sprečavanje varooze se sastoje u primeni principa dobre pčelarske prakse, pčelarenju na povoljnim terenima, ranom otkrivanju bolesti, kontroli novonabavljenih društava, kontroli efikasnosti lečenja i dr. Dijagnostičkom ispitivanju na varoozu podležu jednom godišnje - do kraja marta, svi pčelinjaci. Za uništavanje krpelja treba koristiti samo registrovane preparate. U Crnoj Gori su registrovani prirodni preparati - Apiguard (na bazi timola) i ApiLife Var (na bazi timola, eukaliptusovog ulja, kamfora i levomentola. Varoa veoma brzo stiče rezistenciju na sintetičke hemijske preparate na bazi jedinjenja kao što su amitraz, kumafos, sintetički piretroidi - fluvalinat i flumetrin. Osim sticanja rezistencije, postoji velika opasnost od deponovanja rezidua u pčelinjim proizvodima. Takvi pčelinji proizvodi su izvor kontaminacije za ljude preko konzumiranja pčelinjih proizvoda (med, matična mleč, propolis i dr.), a pčelinji vosak predstavlja izvor kontaminacije preko kozmetičkih preparata koji ga sadrže. Zbog toga ova sredstva ne treba koristiti za tretiranje pčelinjih društava protiv varoe

Uticaj toplotnog stresa na proizvodnju mleka kod mlečnih krava

Heat stress in dairy cows is caused by a combination of environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and air movement). Continual genetic selectin for greater performance results to increased sensitivity to heat stress. It was one of the reasons why lactation curve during summer has decreasing trend compared to spring in which lactation curve maintained within high levels. The trial was conducted in spring (April-May) and summer period (June-July) on total of 40 dairy cows of Holstein-Friesian breed in early lactation period (first 60 days of lactation). Milking capacity in cows and milk chemical ingredients (milk fat and proteins) were statistically significantly higher in the spring period compared to summer, while higher values of lactose were not statistically significant. Total average milk production per cow was significantly higher in spring period (42.74±4.98l) than in summer (39.60±5.09l) at the level of P lt 0.05. A higher rate of milk fat was recorded in spring in relation to summer period the level of significance being P lt 0.01. The content of proteins in milk in spring period was 13% higher than in summer. The established difference was highly statistically significant (P lt 0.001). Obtained values for percentage of lactose varied slightly (4.45±0.54% in spring versus 4.03±0.24% in summer period; P>0.05).Toplotni stres kod mlečnih krava uzrokovan je većim brojem spoljašnjih faktora - temperaturom, relativnom vlažnošću vazduha, sunčevom radijacijom i kretanjem vazduha. Genetska selekcija za veće proizvodne rezultate povećava osetljivost na toplotni stres. To je jedan od razloga što laktaciona kriva za vreme letnjeg perioda ima trend pada u poređenju sa prolećem kada laktaciona kriva dostiže visoke nivoe. Ogled je izveden u prolećnom (april-maj) i letnjem periodu (jun-jul) na ukupno 40 mlečnih krava holštajn-frizijske rase u ranom laktacionom periodu (prvih 60 dana laktacije). Mlečnost krava i hemijski sastojci mleka (mlečna mast i proteini ) su bili statistički značajno veći u prolećnom periodu u odnosu na letnji, dok veće vrednosti laktoze nisu bile i statistički značajne. Ukupna prosečna proizvodnja mleka po kravi je bila značajno veća u prolećnom periodu (42,74±4,98l) nego u letnjem (39,60±5, 09l) na nivou od P lt 0,05. Veći procenat mlečne masti zabeležen je u prolećnom nego u letnjem periodu na nivou značajnosti P lt 0,01. Sadržaj proteina u mleku u prolećnom periodu bio je 13% veći nego u letnjem. Ustanovljena razlika bila je visoko statistički značajna (P lt 0,001). Dobijene vrednosti za procenat laktoze malo su varirale (4,45±0,54% u prolećnom prema 4,03±0,24% u letnjem periodu; P>0,05)