No Place for Glory: Major General Robert E. Rodes and the Confederate Defeat at Gettysburg

In “an engaging, readable narrative,” Wynstra shows that “leadership breakdowns” in Rodes’s command “ultimately undid the fighting determination and sacrifice of” Confederate soldiers, which led “to the South’s Gettysburg defeat as surely as did the actions of more popularly famous officers and units.” No Place for Glory “will find a well-deserved place in the Gettysburg shelf of every interested reader’s” collection, reviewer David A. Welker writes

The Birch Creek Canids and Dogs as Transport Labor in the Intermountain West

Historically, domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have been documented as central features of Intermountain West and Great Plains Native American camps. Some of these dogs were bred specifically for largeness and stamina to haul travois and to carry pannier-style packs. Ethnographic accounts frequently highlight the importance of dogs in moving through the Intermountain West and the plains, reporting loads as heavy as 45 kg (100 lbs). We calculated body mass from skeletal morphometric data and used these to estimate prehistoric and historic dog load capacities for travois and pannier-style packs in the Intermountain West, Great Plains, and Great Basin. Specimens of large dogs recovered from sites in the Birch Creek Valley in Idaho and on the Great Plains indicate the animals could carry weights comparable to ethnographically recorded loads. Further, direct dating of the Birch Creek dog specimens indicated that dogs of this size have been present in the Intermountain West for more than 3,000 years. These data have important implications for our understanding of prehistoric mobility in the Intermountain West and the plains and suggest that the use of dogs in transporting cargo may have begun as early as 5,000 years ago. El perro doméstico (Canis familiaris) fue una presencia fundamental en los campamentos del Oeste Intermontano y las Grandes Llanuras. Algunos perros fueron criados específicamente para tener gran tamaño y aguante y fueron utilizados para transportar travois (camillas) y cargar alforjas. Los informes etnográficos a menudo resaltan la importancia de los perros para la movilidad en el Oeste Intermontano y las Grandes Llanuras y reportan cargas de hasta 45 kg (100 lbs). En este artículo calculamos la masa corporal a partir de los datos morfométricos del esqueleto y la utilizamos para estimar la capacidad de carga con travois y alforjas de perros prehistóricos e históricos en el Oeste Intermontano, las Grandes Llanuras y la Gran Cuenca. Estos datos indican que los perros de gran tamaño recuperados en contextos arqueológicos del Valle de Birch Creek en Idaho y de sitios de las Grandes Llanuras fueron capaces de transportar cargas con rangos de peso comparables a los reportados etnográficamente. Además, la datación directa de los perros de Birch Creek indica que perros de este tamaño estuvieron presentes en el Oeste Intermontano por más de 3.000 años. Estos datos tienen implicaciones importantes para entender la movilidad prehistórica en el Oeste Intermontano y las Grandes Llanuras, y sugieren que el uso de perros para el transporte de carga podría haber comenzado hace tanto como 5.000 años

Templates for Fabricating Nanowire/Nanoconduit-Based Devices

An effort is underway to develop processes for making templates that could be used as deposition molds and etching masks in the fabrication of devices containing arrays of nanowires and/or nanoconduits. Highly-ordered, optical-fiber arrays consisting of dissimilar polymers comprise the template technology. The selective removal of the fiber cores in specific solvents creates the porous templates to be filled with a "top-down" deposition process such as electrochemical deposition, sputter deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and the like. Typically, the fiber bundles consist of polystyrene (PS) fiber cores, which are clad with varying thickness poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). When arranged in hexagonal, close-packed configuration and pulled, the fibers form highly-ordered arrays comprised of PS fiber cores surrounded by a continuous matrix of PMMA. The ratio of PMMA cladding thickness to PS core diameter determines the spacing between PS fiber cores and typically ranges from 3:1 to 1:1. Essentially, the simultaneous heating and drawing or pulling in the longitudinal direction of polymer-fiber arrays fuses the fibers together

Upright and left out: Posture moderates the effects of social exclusion on mood and threats to basic needs

The present study sought to examine the relationship between the experience of social-exclusion (ostracism), the posture that one maintains while being socially included or excluded, and how these factors impact basic needs (e.g., feelings of belonging) and mood

POLICE PROGRAMS, CANINES, AND CONTINGENCY THEORY: AN EXPLANATION OF CANINE NUMBERS AMONG LARGE POLICE DEPARTMENTS

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF DAVID WELKER, for the Master of Arts degree in CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, presented on OCTOBER 18, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: POLICE PROGRAMS, CANINES, AND CONTINGENCY THEORY: AN EXPLANATION OF CANINE NUMBERS AMONG LARGE POLICE DEPARTMENTS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Joseph Schafer Canines have provided services for humans over many centuries. More recently, they have been used for police work. Canines are used to apprehend suspects, track people, and find drugs. They are also seen as a less-than-lethal weapon and can be used in a number of different programs such as D.A.R.E./crime prevention education, S.W.A.T., and drug task forces. But research on canine use and effectiveness is lacking. This study tries to fill that gap using secondary data from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey of police agencies. In this study, adoption of canines was predicted by contingency theory based on contingencies such as tasks and structural programs in the various departments. Contingency theory was also used to test the canine\u27s role in enhancing the effectiveness of the police organizations. This study tries to explain the variation of canine use across departments by using contingency theory and the effectiveness of canines by assessing monetary values from drug forfeitures

High abundances of neurotrophin 3 in atopic dermatitis mast cell

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) is a member of the neurotrophin family, a group of related proteins that are known to regulate neuro-immune interactions in allergic diseases. Their cellular sources and role in the recruitment of mast cell precursors in atopic dermatitis have not been characterized in detail so far.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>Characterize NT-3 on a transcriptional and translational level in individuals with atopic dermatitis with special focus on mast cells.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To meet this objective NT-3 levels in the serum of AD patients were measured, the effect of NT-3 on keratinocytes was evaluated and the gene expression and regulation assessed using ELISA, immunohistochemistry and RNA quantification.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Systemic levels of NT-3 were found to be higher in individuals with AD as compared to healthy controls. A distinct genetic expression was found in the various cells of the skin. In lesional mast cells of individuals with atopic dermatitis an increased amount of NT-3 was apparent. Functional <it>in vitro </it>experiments demonstrated that NT-3 stimulation led to a suppression of IL-8 secretion by HaCat cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings could imply a role for NT-3 in the pathogenesis of allergic skin diseases.</p

Modulation of cellular energetics by galactose and pioglitazone.

The Warburg effect is ameliorated by culturing transformed cells in the presence of galactose instead of glucose as the primary carbon source. However, metabolic consequences that are in addition to sensitizing the cells to mitochondrial toxins may occur. As such, the screening of pharmaceutical agents against transformed cells while using galactose must be carefully evaluated. Pioglitazone is used in clinical applications to treat type-2 diabetes, but clearly has other off target effects. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were cultured in glucose or galactosecontaining medium to investigate the role of pioglitazone on cellular bioenergetics employing calorimetry and respirometry. Compared to cells cultured in 10 mM glucose, HepG2 cells cultured in the presence of 10 mM galactose showed decreased metabolic activity as measured by cellular heat flow. Interestingly, cellular heat flow increased after addition of pioglitazone for cells cultured in glucose, but not for cells cultured in galactose. Our calorimetric data indicate that a reduction in cellular capacity for glycolysis might be the mechanism responsible for the increase in sensitivity to pioglitazone, and likely mitochondrial toxins in general, for cells cultured in galactose. Furthermore, oxygen consumption rates were decreased after addition of pioglitazone to cells grown in glucose, but remained unchanged for cells grown in presence of galactose. Taken together, we demonstrate that pioglitazone induced a reduction in mitochondrial activity that was partially compensated via an increase in glycolysis in the presence of glucose

Fluorinated benzalkylsilane molecular rectifiers

We report on the synthesis and electrical properties of nine new alkylated silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) – (EtO)3Si(CH2)nN = CHPhX where n = 3 or 11 and X = 4-CF[subscript 3], 3,5-CF[subscript 3], 3-F-4-CF[subscript 3], 4-F, or 2,3,4,5,6-F, and explore their rectification behavior in relation to their molecular structure. The electrical properties of the films were examined in a metal/insulator/metal configuration, with a highly-doped silicon bottom contact and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (EGaIn) top contact. The junctions exhibit high yields (>90%), a remarkable resistance to bias stress, and current rectification ratios (R) between 20 and 200 depending on the structure, degree of order, and internal dipole of each molecule. We found that the rectification ratio correlates positively with the strength of the molecular dipole moment and it is reduced with increasing molecular length.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Award ECCS 1254757)Wake Forest University (Pilot Research Grant

High aspect ratio template and method for producing same

Millimeter to nano-scale structures manufactured using a multi-component polymer fiber matrix are disclosed. The use of dissimilar polymers allows the selective dissolution of the polymers at various stages of the manufacturing process. In one application, biocompatible matrixes may be formed with long pore length and small pore size. The manufacturing process begins with a first polymer fiber arranged in a matrix formed by a second polymer fiber. End caps may be attached to provide structural support and the polymer fiber matrix selectively dissolved away leaving only the long polymer fibers. These may be exposed to another product, such as a biocompatible gel to form a biocompatible matrix. The polymer fibers may then be selectively dissolved leaving only a biocompatible gel scaffold with the pores formed by the dissolved polymer fibers