Fair weather induced charges and currents on tall wind turbines and experiments with kites

Earth’s atmospheric potential rapidly increases up to few tens of kilovolts below 200 m altitude. This potential drop will induce charge to tall objects at ground by virtue of electrostatic induction. In this work we investigate the induced electric charges in fair weather to a 1.5 MW and 5 MW wind turbines. The effect of rotation is included and the current calculated result in currents of few micro-amps. The production of point discharge and corona is investigated and some experiments are conducted by means of instrumented kites.Preprin

Дух міста в добу глобалізації

У статті пропонується авторський варіант осмислення проблем формування та структурування міст з позиції філософської антропології. Зроблено спробу експлікації проблемного поля сучасного міста в контексті дослідження релігійної складової.The article is offered the author version of understanding the problems of forming and structuring town from the position of philosophical anthropology. The attempt of explication of problem field of contemporary town in the context of the religious component of research is done

Analysis of energetic radiation associated with thunderstorms in the Ebro delta region in Spain

The analysis of high-energy background radiation (0.1 – 2 MeV) enhancements during eight winter thunderstorms and ¿ve summer storms in the Ebro delta region in the northeast of Spain is presented. For the ¿rst time, high-energy radiation counts, precipitation, radar re¿ectivity, and very high frequency lightning detections to infer charge regions altitude have been analyzed in order to ¿nd out what produces the measured background radiation increments associated with storms. The good agreement between radar re¿ectivity and precipitation with increases in background radiation counts coupled with the spectrum analysis comparing rain/no rain periods suggests that radon-ion daughters play a major role in the radiation increments reported. No evidence has been found supporting that measured background radiation enhancements can be produced by storm electric ¿elds. Finally, a single case of a high-energy radiation increase was prior to a cloud-to-ground lightning stroke, which reinforces the theory that a lower positive charge layer’s existence is important for the production of Terrestrial Ground Enhancements.Peer ReviewedPreprin

Phosgene formation via carbon monoxide and dichlorine reaction over an activated carbon catalyst: reaction testing arrangements

An apparatus is described to investigate the synthesis of phosgene from the reaction of carbon monoxide and dichlorine over an activated carbon catalyst. Infrared spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy are used to identify and quantify reagents and products. The reaction is operated with an excess of CO in order to enable complete chlorine conversion at elevated temperatures. The reaction profile is examined over the temperature range of 300-445 K, with a phosgene selectivity of 100% observed at all temperatures. An isosbestic point in the UV-visible spectrum is observed at 272 nm, indicating that the dichlorine and the phosgene are in equilibrium. Examination of the phosgene formation rate as a function of space time and catalyst size fraction at 323 K establishes that, under the described conditions, the reaction is operating under chemical control in the absence of mass transfer restrictions

First data of the Colombia Lightning Mapping Array - COLMA

The first data set of VHF lightning mapping using a Lightning Mapping Array system - LMA in a tropical region is presented in this paper. Six sensors were installed at the north of Colombia near Santa Marta city. Since the installation of the LMA network in 2015, up to 7000 intra-cloud (IC) discharges from September to November 2015 have been analyzed. The data suggests that, the electrical charge distribution in tropical thunderstorms shows higher vertical development reaching higher altitudesPreprin

PENGAMATAN ASPEK BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI IKAN KAKAP MERAH (LUIJANUS MAIAbAT\CUS) DARI PERAIRAN SAPE DAN KUPANG

Pengamatan aspek biorogi reproduksi ikan kakap merah (Lutjanus marabaricus) dari perairan Kupang telah dilakukan pada sampel ikan yang diambil setiap bulan mulai desember 2000 sampai dengan Nopember 2001 di perairan sape dan Januari sampai Desember 2001 di perairan Kupang. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi hubungan panjang berat, tingkat kematangan gonad, indeks kematangan gonad, fekunditas, dan diameter telur pada ikan kakap mlrah sebanyak 389 ekor dari sape dan 35b ekor dari Kupang

High altitude leaders mapped by the Colombia lightning mapping array

On April 2015 a Lightning Mapping Array network (COL-LMA) was installed at the north of Colombia. This network provides 3D mapping of the development of lightning leaders. For the first time such network has been setup in the tropics. That allows us to investigate the high altitude development of lightning leaders. Here we present the results of the first measurements to confirm that negative leaders at altitudes of 15 km are common in the observed thunderstorms.Postprint (published version

Spatio-temporal dimension of lightning flashes based on three-dimensional Lightning Mapping Array

3D mapping system like the LMA - Lightning Mapping Array - are a leap forward in lightning observation. LMA measurements has lead to an improvement on the analysis of the fine structure of lightning, allowing to characterize the duration and maximum extension of the cloud fraction of a lightning flash. During several years of operation, the first LMA deployed in Europe has been providing a large amount of data which now allows a statistical approach to compute the full duration and horizontal extension of the in-cloud phase of a lightning flash. The “Ebro Lightning Mapping Array” (ELMA) is used in the present study. Summer and winter lighting were analyzed for seasonal periods (Dec–Feb and Jun–Aug). A simple method based on an ellipse fitting technique (EFT) has been used to characterize the spatio-temporal dimensions from a set of about 29,000 lightning flashes including both summer and winter events. Results show an average lightning flash duration of 440 ms (450 ms in winter) and a horizontal maximum length of 15.0 km (18.4 km in winter). The uncertainties for summer lightning lengths were about ± 1.2 km and ± 0.7 km for the mean and median values respectively. In case of winter lightning, the level of uncertainty reaches up to 1 km and 0.7 km of mean and median value. The results of the successful correlation of CG discharges with the EFT method, represent 6.9% and 35.5% of the total LMA flashes detected in summer and winter respectively. Additionally, the median value of lightning lengths calculated through this correlative method was approximately 17 km for both seasons. On the other hand, the highest median ratios of lightning length to CG discharges in both summer and winter were reported for positive CG discharges.Peer ReviewedPreprin