Detection of Near Horizontal Muons with the HAWC Observatory

The HAWC (High Altitude Water Cherenkov) gamma ray observatory is able to observe muons with nearly horizontal trajectories. HAWC is located at an altitude of 4100 meters a.s.l. on the Sierra Negra volcano in Mexico. The HAWC detector is composed of 300 water tanks, each 7.3 m in diameter and 4.5 m tall, densely packed over a physical area of 22,000 m$^{2}$. Previous and current experiments have observed high zenith angle (near horizontal) muons at or near sea level. HAWC operates as a hodoscope able to observe multi-TeV muons at zenith angles greater than 75 degrees. This is the first experiment to measure near horizontal muons at high altitude and with large ($\geq$ 10 m) separations for multiple muons. These muons are distinguishable from extensive air showers by observing near horizontal particles propagating with the speed of light. The proximity of Sierra Negra and Pico de Orizaba volcanoes provides an additional measurement of muons with rock overburdens of several km water equivalent. We will present the angular distribution and rate at which HAWC observes these muon eventsComment: Presented at the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2017), Bexco, Busan, Korea. See arXiv:1708.02572 for all HAWC contribution

Simulation of Near Horizontal Muons and Muon Bundles for the HAWC Observatory with CORSIKA

The HAWC (High Altitude Water Cerenkov) gamma ray observatory observes muons with nearly-horizontal trajectories corresponding to zenith angles greater than $80^{0}$. HAWC is located at an altitude of 4100 meters a.s.l. (70 deg. atmospheric depth of 2400 g/cm$^{2}$) on the extinct volcano, Sierra Negra in Mexico. In this poster, we summarize the CORSIKA and GEANT4 as well as toy-model based simulations performed to determine the effective area of HAWC to muons from high zenith angle cosmic ray primaries. We are developing an updated GEANT4 based detector response simulation that includes a model of the volcanoes that are located near HAWC. These simulations are investigating the capability to use muon multiplicity and rates to differentiate between the primary particle composition (proton or iron) and measure the primary energy.Comment: Presented at the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2017), Bexco, Busan, Korea. See arXiv:1708.02572 for all HAWC contribution

Scaling and the Fractal Geometry of Two-Dimensional Quantum Gravity

We examine the scaling of geodesic correlation functions in two-dimensional gravity and in spin systems coupled to gravity. The numerical data support the scaling hypothesis and indicate that the quantum geometry develops a non-perturbative length scale. The existence of this length scale allows us to extract a Hausdorff dimension. In the case of pure gravity we find d_H approx. 3.8, in support of recent theoretical calculations that d_H = 4. We also discuss the back-reaction of matter on the geometry.Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX format, 8 eps figure

On-line learning in radial basis functions networks

An analytic investigation of the average case learning and generalization properties of Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFs) is presented, utilising on-line gradient descent as the learning rule. The analytic method employed allows both the calculation of generalization error and the examination of the internal dynamics of the network. The generalization error and internal dynamics are then used to examine the role of the learning rate and the specialization of the hidden units, which gives insight into decreasing the time required for training. The realizable and over-realizable cases are studied in detail; the phase of learning in which the hidden units are unspecialized (symmetric phase) and the phase in which asymptotic convergence occurs are analyzed, and their typical properties found. Finally, simulations are performed which strongly confirm the analytic results

Elk Calf Survival and Mortality Following Wolf Restoration to Yellowstone National Park La Supervivencia y la Mortalidad de las Crı´as de Wapiti Tras la Restauracio´ n del Lobo al Parque Nacional de Yellowstone La Survie et la Mortalite´ des Faons de Wapitis qui a Suivi la Re´introduction du Loup au Parc de Yellowstone

We conducted a 3-year study (May 2003–Apr 2006) of mortality of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) calves to determine the cause for the recruitment decline (i.e., 33 calves to 13 calves/100 adult F) following the restoration of wolves (Canis lupus). We captured, fit with radiotransmitters, and evaluated blood characteristics and disease antibody seroprevalence in 151 calves ≤ 6 days old (68M:83F). Concentrations (x, SE) of potential condition indicators were as follows: thyroxine (T4; 13.8 µg/dL, 0.43), serum urea nitrogen (SUN; 17.4 mg/dL, 0.57), c-glutamyltransferase (GGT; 66.4 IU/L, 4.36), gamma globulins (GG; 1.5 g/dL, 0.07), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; 253.6 ng/mL, 9.59). Seroprevalences were as follows: brucellosis (Brucella abortus; 3%), bovine-respiratory syncytial virus (3%), bovine-viral-diarrhea virus type 1 (25%), infectious-bovine rhinotracheitis (58%), and bovine parainfluenza-3 (32%). Serum urea nitrogen, GGT, GG, and IGF-1 varied with year; T4, SUN, andGGvaried with age (P ≤ 0.01); and SUN varied by capture area (P=0.02). Annual survival was 0.22 (SE=0.035, n=149) and varied by calving area but not year. Neonates captured in the Stephens Creek/Mammoth area of Yellowstone National Park, USA, had annual survival rates \u3e3X higher (0.54) than those captured in the Lamar Valley area (0.17), likely due to the higher predator density in Lamar Valley. Summer survival (20 weeks after radiotagging) was 0.29 (SE=0.05, n=116), and calving area, absolute deviation from median birth date, and GG were important predictors of summer survival. Survival during winter (Nov–Apr) was 0.90 (SE=0.05, n=42), and it did not vary by calving area or year. Sixty-nine percent (n=104) of calves died within the first year of life, 24% (n=36) survived their first year, and 7% (n=11) had unknown fates. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) accounted for 58–60% (n = 60–62) of deaths, and wolves accounted for 14–17% (n = 15–18). Summer predation (95% of summer deaths) increased, and winter malnutrition (0% of winter deaths) decreased, compared with a similar study during 1987–1990 (72% and 58%, respectively). Physiological factors (e.g., low levels of GG) may predispose calves to predation. Also, the increase in bear numbers since wolf restoration and spatial components finer than the northern range should be considered when trying to determine the causes of the northern Yellowstone elk decline. This is the first study to document the predation impacts from reintroduced wolves on elk calf mortality in an ecosystem already containing established populations of 4 other major predators (i.e., grizzly and black bears, cougars [Puma concolor], and coyotes [Canis latrans]). The results are relevant to resource managers of the Yellowstone ecosystem in understanding the dynamics of the elk population, in providing harvest quota recommendations for local elk hunts to the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service regarding wolf and grizzly bear recovery, and to all areas worldwide where predators are increasing, by providing managers with information about potential carnivore impacts on elk populations. Hemos realizado un estudio de 3 an˜os (may 2003–abr 2006) sobre la mortalidad de las crı´as de wapiti (Cervus elaphus) en el norte de Yellowstone para determinar las causas del descenso del reclutamiento (de 33 a 13 crı´as /100 hembras adultas) tras la restauracio´n del lobo (Canis lupus). Hemos capturado, marcado con radiotransmisores y evaluado las caracterı´sticas de la sangre y la seroprevalencia de los anticuerpos a enfermedades de 151 crı´as ≤ 6dı´as (68M:83H). Las concentraciones (x, SE) de los indicadores del estado potencial de salud fueron: tiroxina (T4; 13.8 µg/dL, 0.43), nitro´geno de urea en suero (SUN; 17.4 mg/dL, 0.57), c-glutamiltransferasa (GGT; 66.4 IU/L, 4.36), gamma globulinas (GG; 1.5 g/dL, 0.07) y factor de crecimiento insulinoide tipo 1 (IGF-1; 253.6 ng/mL, 9.59). Las seroprevalencias fueron: brucelosis (Brucella abortus; 3%), virus respiratorio sincitial bovino (3%), virus de la diarrea viral bovina tipo 1 (25%), rinotraqueı´tis infecciosa bovina (58%) y parainfluenza bovina tipo 3 (32%). El SUN, la GGT, las GG y el IGF-1 variaron con el an˜o; la T4, el SUN y las GG variaron con la edad (P≤0.01); y el SUN vario´ con el a´rea de captura (P=0.02). La supervivencia anual fue del 0.22 (SE=0.035, n=149) y vario´ con la zona de reproduccio´n pero no con el an˜o. Los neonatos capturados en la zona de Stephens Creek/Mammoth del Parque Nacional de Yellowstone, EE.UU., tuvieron tasas de supervivencia anual ma´s de 3 veces superiores (0.54) a las de los capturados en la zona del valle de Lamar (0.17), presumiblemente por la mayor densidad de predadores en el valle de Lamar. La supervivencia estival (20 semanas despue´s del radiomarcaje) fue 0.29 (SE=0.05, n=116); la zona de partos, la desviacio´n absoluta de la mediana de la fecha de nacimiento y lasGGfueron predictores importantes de la supervivencia estival. La supervivencia durante el invierno (nov–abr) fue 0.90 (SE=0.05, n=42) y no vario´ con la zona de partos o con el an˜o. El 69% (n=104) de las crı´as murieron antes de cumplir un an˜o, el 24% (n=36) sobrevivieron ma´s de un an˜o y se desconoce el destino del 7% (n=11). Los osos grizzly (Ursus arctos) y los osos negros (Ursus americanus) fueron responsables del 58–60% (n=60– 62) de las muertes, y los lobos, del 14–17% (n=15–18). La predacio´n estival (95% de las muertes en verano) aumento´, y la malnutricio´n en invierno (0% de las muertes en invierno) disminuyo´ en comparacio´n con un estudio similar realizado durante 1987–1990 (72%y 58%, respectivamente). Los factores fisiolo´gicos (bajos niveles de GG) quiza´ predisponen a las crı´as a ser predadas. Adema´s, el aumento de la poblacio´n de osos desde la restauracio´n del lobo y algunos componentes espaciales ma´s sutiles en las montan˜as septentrionales deberı´an ser considerados al tratar de determinar las causas del declive del wapiti en el norte de Yellowstone. Este es el primer estudio que describe el impacto que la predacio´n de lobos reintroducidos tiene sobre la mortalidad de las crı´as de wapiti en un ecosistema donde ya existen poblaciones establecidas de otros 4 grandes predadores (osos grizzly y negro, pumas [Puma concolor] y coyotes [Canis latrans]). Los resultados son relevantes para los gestores de recursos del ecosistema de Yellowstone porque ayudan a comprender la dina´mica de las poblaciones de wapiti; aportan recomendaciones al Departamento de Pesca, Vida Silvestre y Parques de Montana para decidir cuotas de extraccio´n de wapiti en las cacerı´as locales, al Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos en relacio´n a la recuperacio´n del lobo y el oso grizzly; y ofrecen a los gestores informacio´n acerca de los impactos potenciales de los carnı´voros sobre las poblaciones de wapiti en todas las zonas del mundo donde los predadores esta´n aumentando. Nous avons re´alise´ une e´tude de 3 ans (mai 2003–avr 2006) portant sur les faons des wapitis du nord de Yellowstone afin de de´terminer les causes du de´clin de recrutement (c.-a`-d. de 33 a` 13 faons/100 femelles adultes) qui a suivi la re´introduction du loup (Canis lupus). Nous avons capture´, pre´leve´ un e´chantillon sanguin et muni d’un radioe´metteur 151 faons de ≤ 6 jours (68M:83F). Les concentrations (x, ET) d’indicateurs potentiels de condition physique e´taient: thyroxine (T4; 13.8 µg/dL, 0.43), azote ure´ique se´rique (AUS; 17.4 mg/dL, 0.57), c-glutamyltransfe´rase (GGT; 66.4 IU/L, 4.36), gamma globulines (GG; 1.5 g/dL, 0.07) et facteur de croissance insulinomime´tique de type 1 (FCI-1; 253.6 ng/mL, 9.59). La pre´valence se´rique d’anticorps e´tait: brucellose (Brucella abortus; 3%), virus syncitial respiratoire bovin (3%), virus diarrhe´ique bovin de type 1 (25%), rhinotrache´ite infectieuse bovine (58%) et parainfluenza-3 bovin (32%). L’azote ure´ique se´rique, la GGT, les GG et le FCI-1 ont varie´ entre les anne´es; la T4, l’AUS et les GG varie`rent en fonction de l’aˆge (P ≤ 0.01) et l’AUS en fonction du lieu de capture (P=0.02). Le taux annuel de survie atteignit 0.22 (ET=0.035, n=149) et varia en fonction de l’aire de mise bas mais non de l’anne´e. Les faons ne´s dans l’aire de Stephens Creek/Mammoth du parc national de Yellowstone, E ´ tats-Unis, posse´daient des taux annuels de survie plus de 3 fois supe´rieurs (0.54) a` ceux capture´s dans l’aire de Lamar Valley (0.17), vraisemblablement a` cause d’une densite´ de pre´dateurs plus e´leve´e au second endroit. La survie estivale moyenne (20 semaines suivant le marquage) e´tait de 0.29 (ET=0.05, n=116) et elle de´pendait fortement du lieu de mise bas, de la de´viation absolue de la date de naissance me´diane et de la concentration de GG. La survie hivernale (nov–avr) atteignait 0.90 (ET=0.05, n =42) et ne variait ni en fonction du lieu de naissance ou de l’anne´e. Soixante-neuf pourcent (n=104) des faons moururent durant leur premie`re anne´e, 24% (n =36) surve´curent et le sort de 7% (n=11) demeura inconnu. Les ours grizzlys (Ursus arctos) et les ours noirs (Ursus americanus) furent responsables de 58–60% des mortalite´s (n=60–62), contre 14–17% pour les loups (n=15–18). La pre´dation estivale (95% des mortalite´s) augmenta et la malnutrition hivernale (0% des mortalite´s) diminua en comparaison avec une e´tude similaire re´alise´e de 1987 a` 1990 (72% et 58%, respectivement). Des facteurs physiologiques (c.-a`-d. des bas niveaux de GG) pourraient pre´disposer les faons a` la pre´dation. Par ailleurs, l’accroissement du nombre d’ours depuis la re´introduction du loup et des composantes spatiales plus fines que celles de notre e´tude devraient eˆtre pris en compte en tentant de de´terminer les causes du de´clin du nombre de wapitis du nord de Yellowstone. Notre e´tude s’ave`re la premie`re a` documenter les impacts de la pre´dation de loups re´introduits dans un e´cosyste`me contenant des populations e´tablies de 4 pre´dateurs majeurs (c.-a`-d., les ours grizzlys et noirs, les cougars [Puma concolor], les coyotes [Canis latrans]). Nos re´sultats concernent les gestionnaires de l’e´cosyste`me de Yellowstone puisqu’ils permettent de comprendre la dynamique de la population de wapitis, qu’ils fournissent des recommandations pour les chasses locales au Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks et d’autres, pour la gestion du loup et de l’ours grizzly, au U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Nos re´sultats concernent e´galement toutes les re´gions du monde ou` les pre´dateurs s’accroissent puisqu’ils fournissent aux gestionnaires des informations concernant l’impact potentiel des carnivores sur les populations de grands herbivores

A design rule for constant depth microfluidic networks for power-law fluids

A biomimetic design rule is proposed for generating bifurcating microfluidic channel networks of rectangular cross section for power-law and Newtonian fluids. The design is based on Murray’s law, which was originally derived using the principle of minimum work for Newtonian fluids to predict the optimum ratio between the diameters of the parent and daughter vessels in networks with circular cross section. The relationship is extended here to consider the flow of power-law fluids in planar geometries (i.e. geometries of rectangular cross section with constant depth) typical of lab-on-a-chip applications. The proposed design offers the ability to precisely control the shear-stress distributions and predict the flow resistance along the bifurcating network. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed using an in-house code to assess the validity of the proposed design and the limits of operation in terms of Reynolds number for Newtonian, shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids under various flow conditions

Kinematic dynamo action in a sphere. I. Effects of differential rotation and meridional circulation on solutions with axial dipole symmetry

A sphere containing electrically conducting fluid can generate a magnetic field by dynamo action, provided the flow is sufficiently complicated and vigorous. The dynamo mechanism is thought to sustain magnetic fields in planets and stars. The kinematic dynamo problem tests steady flows for magnetic instability, but rather few dynamos have been found so far because of severe numerical difficulties. Dynamo action might, therefore, be quite unusual, at least for large-scale steady flows. We address this question by testing a two-parameter class of flows for dynamo generation of magnetic fields containing an axial dipole. The class of flows includes two completely different types of known dynamos, one dominated by differential rotation (D) and one with none. We find that 36% of the flows in seven distinct zones in parameter space act as dynamos, while the remaining 64% either fail to generate this type of magnetic field or generate fields that are too small in scale to be resolved by our numerical method. The two previously known dynamo types lie in the same zone, and it is therefore possible to change the flow continuously from one to the other without losing dynamo action. Differential rotation is found to promote large-scale axisymmetric toroidal magnetic fields, while meridional circulation (M) promotes large-scale axisymmetric poloidal fields concentrated at high latitudes near the axis. Magnetic fields resembling that of the Earth are generated by D > 0, corresponding to westward flow at the surface, and M of either sign but not zero. Very few oscillatory solutions are found

Exploring volatile general anesthetic binding to a closed membrane-bound bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel via computation.

Despite the clinical ubiquity of anesthesia, the molecular basis of anesthetic action is poorly understood. Amongst the many molecular targets proposed to contribute to anesthetic effects, the voltage gated sodium channels (VGSCs) should also be considered relevant, as they have been shown to be sensitive to all general anesthetics tested thus far. However, binding sites for VGSCs have not been identified. Moreover, the mechanism of inhibition is still largely unknown. The recently reported atomic structures of several members of the bacterial VGSC family offer the opportunity to shed light on the mechanism of action of anesthetics on these important ion channels. To this end, we have performed a molecular dynamics flooding simulation on a membrane-bound structural model of the archetypal bacterial VGSC, NaChBac in a closed pore conformation. This computation allowed us to identify binding sites and access pathways for the commonly used volatile general anesthetic, isoflurane. Three sites have been characterized with binding affinities in a physiologically relevant range. Interestingly, one of the most favorable sites is in the pore of the channel, suggesting that the binding sites of local and general anesthetics may overlap. Surprisingly, even though the activation gate of the channel is closed, and therefore the pore and the aqueous compartment at the intracellular side are disconnected, we observe binding of isoflurane in the central cavity. Several sampled association and dissociation events in the central cavity provide consistent support to the hypothesis that the fenestrations present in the membrane-embedded region of the channel act as the long-hypothesized hydrophobic drug access pathway

Steady-State Cracks in Viscoelastic Lattice Models

We study the steady-state motion of mode III cracks propagating on a lattice exhibiting viscoelastic dynamics. The introduction of a Kelvin viscosity $\eta$ allows for a direct comparison between lattice results and continuum treatments. Utilizing both numerical and analytical (Wiener-Hopf) techniques, we explore this comparison as a function of the driving displacement $\Delta$ and the number of transverse sites $N$. At any $N$, the continuum theory misses the lattice-trapping phenomenon; this is well-known, but the introduction of $\eta$ introduces some new twists. More importantly, for large $N$ even at large $\Delta$, the standard two-dimensional elastodynamics approach completely misses the $\eta$-dependent velocity selection, as this selection disappears completely in the leading order naive continuum limit of the lattice problem.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figure