Development of country strategies for Japan, China, Indonesia, India and South Korea

This Submission to the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade concerns the interests of the Australian legal profession in 5 target jurisdictions Japan, China, Indonesia, India and South Korea

Submission to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) Negotiations

This submission to the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) Negotiations sets out the views and interest of the Law Council of Australia in relation to the proposed Trade in Services Agreement negotiations

A Numerical And Interferometric Study Of Natural Convective Heat Transfer From Divided And Undivided Vertical Channels

A numerical and experimental study has been conducted on two-dimensional laminar natural convection heat transfer in an undivided and divided vertical isothermal channel. For the divided channel configuration, an isothermal plate at the same temperature as the channel walls was located on the channel centre line. The study examined the effect of Rayleigh number, plate-to-channel length ratio, vertical plate position, and plate thickness on the heat transfer from the channel walls, the dividing plate and the channel as a whole.;Solutions to both the full elliptic and parabolic forms of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations have been obtained for Prandtl number Pr = 0.7 (air). Closed form expressions were derived for the limiting case of fully developed flow in the divided channel. Experimental measurements were made in air with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.;Positioning the plate at the bottom of the channel gave the highest average Nusselt numbers for the dividing plate and the overall channel. At low Rayleigh number, when the plate is at the bottom of the channel, extending the channel walls above the plate increased the plate heat transfer by as much as a factor of four. At higher Rayleigh number, plate average Nusselt numbers as much as two times the isolated plate Nusselt number were predicted numerically.;In the fully developed regime, a short dividing plate located at the channel inlet reduces the wall average Nusselt number by about a factor of two, compared with the undivided channel. At moderate and high Rayleigh number, the wall average Nusselt number was almost independent of both the vertical plate position and the plate-to-channel length ratio.;At low Rayleigh number, increasing the dividing plate thickness caused the plate and wall average Nusselt numbers to decrease significantly. At high Rayleigh number the effect of plate thickness was small.;Average Nusselt number correlations are presented for the dividing plate, the channel wall and the overall channel

Autumn Migration of Mississippi Flyway Mallards as Determined by Satellite Telemetry

We used satellite telemetry to study autumn migration timing, routes, stopover duration, and final destinations of mallards Anas platyrhynchos captured the previous spring in Arkansas from 2004 to 2007. Of those mallards that still had functioning transmitters on September 15 (n = 55), the average date when autumn migration began was October 23 (SE = 2.62 d; range = September 17–December 7). For those mallards that stopped for .1 d during migration, the average stopover length was 15.4 d (SE = 1.47 d). Ten mallards migrated nonstop to wintering sites. The eastern Dakotas were a heavily utilized stopover area. The total distance migrated per mallard averaged 1,407 km (SE = 89.55 km; range = 142–2,947 km). The average time spent on migration per individual between September 15 and December 15 was 27 d (SE = 2.88 d; range = 2–84 d). The state where most mallards were located on December 15 was Missouri (11) followed by Arkansas (8), while 5 mallards were still in Canada, and only 8 of 43 females and 0 of 10 males were present in Arkansas. The eastern Dakotas are a heavily utilized migration stopover for midcontinent mallards that may require more attention for migration habitat management. The reasons for so few mallards, especially male mallards, returning to Arkansas the following year deserves further research

An archaeology of trade in eastern england,c.650-900 CE

The project was an examination of trade through the regional survey and analysis of archaeological data from middle Saxon England. Much previous work had focused towards long-distance trade articulated through urban ports, and the thesis aimed to provide new methods for the study of the early medieval economy by placing these urban settlements within a regional setting. It examined trade within regions as a whole, rather than concentrating only on the archaeologically most visible, i.e. long-distance trade. A comparative, study area approach was adopted for analysis, with two regions (Kent and Yorkshire) chosen. Methodology was based on both detailed analysis of artefact distributions throughout the middle Saxon period, and comparative examination of individual site assemblages. As a result, networks of trade, and the movement of goods could be assessed, and individual sites placed within this context. Specific artefact groups were chosen which highlighted different aspects of trade (coinage, pottery, stone artefects, and metalwork), and other materials, both archaeological and historical, were utilised wherever possible. Both study areas were also discussed in the context of middle Saxon eastern England, in order to provide a broader interpretation of early medieval trade. These analyses showed that the early medieval economy was more complex than has been previously proposed, with distinct regional variations apparent. A number of sites were interpreted as inland markets, their positions suggestive of an overall political control of trade, and most coin rich sites were located close enough to the coast to easily gain direct access to long-distance coastal trade. The church may have been heavily involved. Much trade appears to have been centred around the movement of utilitarian goods, including stone, foodstuffs, salt and slaves, and royal interest in the regulation of trade focused on the large revenues available through tolls

Gas signatures of Herbig Ae/Be disks probed with Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy

Herbig Ae/Be objects, like their lower mass counterparts T Tauri stars, are seen to form a stable circumstellar disk which is initially gas-rich and could ultimately form a planetary system. We present Herschel SPIRE 460-1540 GHz spectra of five targets out of a sample of 13 young disk sources, showing line detections mainly due to warm CO gas.Comment: to be published in proceedings of IAU symposium 299 (Victoria, BC, Canada, June 2013

Ages of young stars

Determining the sequence of events in the formation of stars and planetary systems and their time-scales is essential for understanding those processes, yet establishing ages is fundamentally difficult because we lack direct indicators. In this review we discuss the age challenge for young stars, specifically those less than ~100 Myr old. Most age determination methods that we discuss are primarily applicable to groups of stars but can be used to estimate the age of individual objects. A reliable age scale is established above 20 Myr from measurement of the Lithium Depletion Boundary (LDB) in young clusters, and consistency is shown between these ages and those from the upper main sequence and the main sequence turn-off -- if modest core convection and rotation is included in the models of higher-mass stars. Other available methods for age estimation include the kinematics of young groups, placing stars in Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams, pulsations and seismology, surface gravity measurement, rotation and activity, and lithium abundance. We review each of these methods and present known strengths and weaknesses. Below ~20 Myr, both model-dependent and observational uncertainties grow, the situation is confused by the possibility of age spreads, and no reliable absolute ages yet exist. The lack of absolute age calibration below 20 Myr should be borne in mind when considering the lifetimes of protostellar phases and circumstellar material.Comment: Accepted for publication as a chapter in Protostars and Planets VI, University of Arizona Press (2014), eds. H. Beuther, R. Klessen, C. Dullemond, Th. Hennin