Explainable automated recognition of emotional states from canine facial expressions: the case of positive anticipation and frustration.

In animal research, automation of affective states recognition has so far mainly addressed pain in a few species. Emotional states remain uncharted territories, especially in dogs, due to the complexity of their facial morphology and expressions. This study contributes to fill this gap in two aspects. First, it is the first to address dog emotional states using a dataset obtained in a controlled experimental setting, including videos from (n = 29) Labrador Retrievers assumed to be in two experimentally induced emotional states: negative (frustration) and positive (anticipation). The dogs' facial expressions were measured using the Dogs Facial Action Coding System (DogFACS). Two different approaches are compared in relation to our aim: (1) a DogFACS-based approach with a two-step pipeline consisting of (i) a DogFACS variable detector and (ii) a positive/negative state Decision Tree classifier; (2) An approach using deep learning techniques with no intermediate representation. The approaches reach accuracy of above 71% and 89%, respectively, with the deep learning approach performing better. Secondly, this study is also the first to study explainability of AI models in the context of emotion in animals. The DogFACS-based approach provides decision trees, that is a mathematical representation which reflects previous findings by human experts in relation to certain facial expressions (DogFACS variables) being correlates of specific emotional states. The deep learning approach offers a different, visual form of explainability in the form of heatmaps reflecting regions of focus of the network's attention, which in some cases show focus clearly related to the nature of particular DogFACS variables. These heatmaps may hold the key to novel insights on the sensitivity of the network to nuanced pixel patterns reflecting information invisible to the human eye

Explainable automated recognition of emotional states from canine facial expressions: the case of positive anticipation and frustration

In animal research, automation of affective states recognition has so far mainly addressed pain in a few species. Emotional states remain uncharted territories, especially in dogs, due to the complexity of their facial morphology and expressions. This study contributes to fill this gap in two aspects. First, it is the first to address dog emotional states using a dataset obtained in a controlled experimental setting, including videos from (n = 29) Labrador Retrievers assumed to be in two experimentally induced emotional states: negative (frustration) and positive (anticipation). The dogs’ facial expressions were measured using the Dogs Facial Action Coding System (DogFACS). Two different approaches are compared in relation to our aim: (1) a DogFACS-based approach with a two-step pipeline consisting of (i) a DogFACS variable detector and (ii) a positive/negative state Decision Tree classifier; (2) An approach using deep learning techniques with no intermediate representation. The approaches reach accuracy of above 71% and 89%, respectively, with the deep learning approach performing better. Secondly, this study is also the first to study explainability of AI models in the context of emotion in animals. The DogFACS-based approach provides decision trees, that is a mathematical representation which reflects previous findings by human experts in relation to certain facial expressions (DogFACS variables) being correlates of specific emotional states. The deep learning approach offers a different, visual form of explainability in the form of heatmaps reflecting regions of focus of the network’s attention, which in some cases show focus clearly related to the nature of particular DogFACS variables. These heatmaps may hold the key to novel insights on the sensitivity of the network to nuanced pixel patterns reflecting information invisible to the human eye

Activity, specificity and structure of I-Bth0305I: a representative of a new homing endonuclease family

Novel family of putative homing endonuclease genes was recently discovered during analyses of metagenomic and genomic sequence data. One such protein is encoded within a group I intron that resides in the recA gene of the Bacillus thuringiensis 0305ϕ8–36 bacteriophage. Named I-Bth0305I, the endonuclease cleaves a DNA target in the uninterrupted recA gene at a position immediately adjacent to the intron insertion site. The enzyme displays a multidomain, homodimeric architecture and footprints a DNA region of ∼60 bp. Its highest specificity corresponds to a 14-bp pseudopalindromic sequence that is directly centered across the DNA cleavage site. Unlike many homing endonucleases, the specificity profile of the enzyme is evenly distributed across much of its target site, such that few single base pair substitutions cause a significant decrease in cleavage activity. A crystal structure of its C-terminal domain confirms a nuclease fold that is homologous to very short patch repair (Vsr) endonucleases. The domain architecture and DNA recognition profile displayed by I-Bth0305I, which is the prototype of a homing lineage that we term the ‘EDxHD’ family, are distinct from previously characterized homing endonucleases

Measuring the free fall of antihydrogen

After the first production of cold antihydrogen by the ATHENA and ATRAP experiments ten years ago, new second-generation experiments are aimed at measuring the fundamental properties of this anti-atom. The goal of AEGIS (Antimatter Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy) is to test the weak equivalence principle by studying the gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter with a pulsed, cold antihydrogen beam. The experiment is currently being assembled at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator. In AEGIS, antihydrogen will be produced by charge exchange of cold antiprotons with positronium excited to a high Rydberg state (n > 20). An antihydrogen beam will be produced by controlled acceleration in an electric-field gradient (Stark acceleration). The deflection of the horizontal beam due to its free fall in the gravitational field of the earth will be measured with a moire deflectometer. Initially, the gravitational acceleration will be determined to a precision of 1%, requiring the detection of about 105 antihydrogen atoms. In this paper, after a general description, the present status of the experiment will be reviewed

Les événements de mai et juin 1968 et le système français de relations professionnelles

La crise sociale de mai et juin 1968 (sans parler de la crise universitaire ou de la crise politique ) , par son ampleur comme par les caractères originaux de son déroulement , prête à plus d'une interprétation et différentes démarches peuvent contribuer à l'éclairer. La floraison d'essais qu'elle a aussitôt fait naître suffirait à le démontrer. Mais c'est vrai tout autant des travaux qui, avec plus de recul, s'efforcent aujourd'hui d'en mesurer la portée. Il est fécond et légitime de s'interroger sur la situation des salariés, sur leurs attitudes et leurs projets et de chercher dans les transformations de cette situation et de ces projets l'explication du mouvement. Il l'est tout autant de concentrer son attention sur les relations dans l'entreprise, de se demander dans quelle mesure un style de relations a été mis en cause dans les grèves et s'il laisse place à l'apprentissage de nouvelles formules. Ici le parti est d'aborder les mêmes phénomènes par une autre démarche, c est-à-dire de considérer les relations entre les partenaires sociaux, les relations professionnelles, comme un système qui a sa structure interne et sa logique propre et de nous demander dans quelle mesure les événements de 1968 l'ont modifié ou transformé.Reynaud Jean-Daniel, Dassa Sami, Dassa Josette, Maclouf Pierre. Les événements de mai et juin 1968 et le système français de relations professionnelles. In: Sociologie du travail, 13ᵉ année n°1, Janvier-mars 1971. pp. 73-97

Les événements de mai et juin 1968 et le système français de relations professionnelles. II. Les stratégies en présence

Reynaud Jean-Daniel, Dassa Sami, Maclouf Pierre, Dassa Josette. Les événements de mai et juin 1968 et le système français de relations professionnelles. II. Les stratégies en présence. In: Sociologie du travail, 13ᵉ année n°2, Avril-juin 1971. Conflits sociaux et transformations des relations professionnelles en Italie et en France, sous la direction de Marc Maurice . pp. 191-209

ETUDE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE D'ENFANTS DE PARENTS SCHIZOPHRENES ET DE PARENTS BIPOLAIRES (RECHERCHE DE FACTEURS DE VULNERABILITE (DES PSYCHIATRIE))

AIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Méd/Odontol. (130552103) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les enfants des schizophrènes : une population à haut risque

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