Observations in equatorial anomaly region of total electron content enhancements and depletions

A GSV 4004A GPS receiver has been operational near the crest of the equatorial anomaly at Udaipur, India for some time now. The receiver provides the line-of-sight total electron content (TEC), the phase and amplitude scintillation index, σ<sub>φ</sub> and <i>S<sub>4</sub></i>, respectively. This paper presents the first results on the nighttime TEC depletions associated with the equatorial spread F in the Indian zone. The TEC depletions are found to be very well correlated with the increased <i>S<sub>4</sub></i> index. A new feature of low-latitude TEC is also reported, concerning the observation of isolated and localized TEC enhancements in the nighttime low-latitude ionosphere. The TEC enhancements are not correlated with the <i>S<sub>4</sub></i> index. The TEC enhancements have also been observed along with the TEC depletions. The TEC enhancements have been interpreted as the manifestation of the plasma density enhancements reported by Le et al. (2003).<br><br> <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Ionospheric irregularities

Longitudinal study of the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm of 15 May 2005 and manifestation of TADs

Response of low latitude ionosphere to the geomagnetic storm of 15 May 2005 has been studied using total electron content (TEC) data, obtained from three GPS stations namely, Yibal, Udaipur and Kunming situated near the northern crest of equatorial ionization anomaly at different longitudes. Solar wind parameters, north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF <I>B</I>_z) and AE index data have been used to infer the strength of the geomagnetic storm. A large value of eastward interplanetary electric field at 06:15 UT, during the time of maximum southward IMF <I>B</I>_z has been used to infer the transmission of an eastward prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) which resulted in a peak in TEC at 07:45 UT due to the local uplift of plasma in the low latitudes near the anomaly crest over a wide range of longitudes. Wave-like modulations superposed over the second enhancement in TEC between 09:15 UT to 10:30 UT have been observed at all the three stations. The second enhancement in TEC along with the modulations of up to 5 TECU have been attributed to the combined effect of super plasma fountain and traveling atmospheric disturbances (TAD). Observed large enhancements in TEC are a cause of concern for satellite based navigation and ground positioning. Increased [O/N₂] ratio between 09:15 UT to 10:15 UT when modulations in TEC have been also observed, confirms the presence of TADs over a wide range of longitudes

Large enhancements in low latitude total electron content during 15 May 2005 geomagnetic storm in Indian zone

Results pertaining to the response of the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere to a major geomagnetic storm that occurred on 15 May 2005 are presented. These results are also the first from the Indian zone in terms of (i) GPS derived total electron content (TEC) variations following the storm (ii) Local low latitude electrodynamics response to penetration of high latitude convection electric field (iii) effect of storm induced traveling atmospheric disturbances (TAD&apos;s) on GPS-TEC in equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) zone. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Data set comprising of ionospheric TEC obtained from GPS measurements, ionograms from an EIA zone station, New Delhi (Geog. Lat. 28.42&amp;deg; N, Geog. Long. 77.21&amp;deg; E), ground based magnetometers in equatorial and low latitude stations and solar wind data obtained from Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) has been used in the present study. GPS receivers located at Udaipur (Geog. Lat. 24.73&amp;deg; N, Geog. Long. 73.73&amp;deg; E) and Hyderabad (Geog. Lat. 17.33&amp;deg; N, Geog. Long. 78.47&amp;deg; E) have been used for wider spatial coverage in the Indian zone. Storm induced features in vertical TEC (VTEC) have been obtained comparing them with the mean VTEC of quiet days. Variations in solar wind parameters, as obtained from ACE and in the SYM-H index, indicate that the storm commenced on 15 May 2005 at 02:39 UT. The main phase of the storm commenced at 06:00 UT on 15 May with a sudden southward turning of the Z-component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF-&lt;I&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/I&gt;) and subsequent decrease in SYM-H index. The dawn-to-dusk convection electric field of high latitude origin penetrated to low and equatorial latitudes simultaneously as corroborated by the magnetometer data from the Indian zone. Subsequent northward turning of the IMF-&lt;I&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;z&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/I&gt;, and the penetration of the dusk-to-dawn electric field over the dip equator is also discernible. Response of the low latitude ionosphere to this storm may be characterized in terms of (i) enhanced background level of VTEC as compared to the mean VTEC, (ii) peaks in VTEC and &lt;I&gt;fo&lt;/I&gt;F2 within two hours of prompt penetration of electric field and (iii) wave-like modulations in VTEC and sudden enhancement in &lt;I&gt;hm&lt;/I&gt;F2 within 4–5 h in to the storm. These features have been explained in terms of the modified fountain effect, local low latitude electrodynamic response to penetration electric field and the TIDs, respectively. The study reveals a strong positive ionospheric storm in the Indian zone on 15 May 2005. Consequences of such major ionospheric storms on the systems that use satellite based navigation solutions in low latitude, are also discussed

Comparative evaluation of different reference evapotranspiration models

The study was carried out to select best alternative method for the estimation of reference evapotranspi-ration (ET0). Accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration is a necessary step in water resource management. Recently, the FAO-56 version of Penman-Monteith equation has been established as a standard for calculating ref-erence evapotranspiration (ET0) which requires measurement of a number of meteorological parameters namely, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed which may not be available in most of the meteoro-logical stations. Still there are different approaches (requiring less data) which estimate ET0 closely to Penman- Monteith (P-M) method for different climatological conditions. The present study is based on analysis of long term of 13 years (2000 to 2012) climatic data to calculate monthly reference evapotranspiration for Capsicum production (September–March) and also to compare the performance of evapotranspiration equations for Jhalawar district of Rajasthan with the standard FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method on the basis of the least root mean square error (RMSE) analysis. Hargreaves method and Pan evaporation (E-Pan) method overestimated the values of ETo when compared with FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. On the basis of lowest value of RMSE, Pan evaporation method is found best alternative method to FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method in the study area

Variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) under water limited conditions

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis between yield and its component traits were carried out in 48 genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) at Udaipur (Rajasthan). Highly significant differences between genotypes were recorded for all the characters studied. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability and high genetic advance was observed for seed yield plot-1, biological yield plot-1, harvest index and pods plant-1 indicating the importance of additive gene effects for these traits. Biological yield plot-1 and harvest index exhibited positive and significant correlation with seed yield while days to 50% flowering exhibited negative and significant association with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield plot-1 had highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. It was concluded that improvement in the seed yield of fenugreek is possible through selection for biological yield plot-1, harvest index, branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. &nbsp

Variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) under water limited conditions

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis between yield and its component traits were carried out in 48 genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) at Udaipur (Rajasthan). Highly significant differences between genotypes were recorded for all the characters studied. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability and high genetic advance was observed for seed yield plot-1, biological yield plot-1, harvest index and pods plant-1 indicating the importance of additive gene effects for these traits. Biological yield plot-1 and harvest index exhibited positive and significant correlation with seed yield while days to 50% flowering exhibited negative and significant association with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield plot-1 had highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. It was concluded that improvement in the seed yield of fenugreek is possible through selection for biological yield plot-1, harvest index, branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. &nbsp

Variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) under water limited conditions

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis between yield and its component traits were carried out in 48 genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) at Udaipur (Rajasthan). Highly significant differences between genotypes were recorded for all the characters studied. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability and high genetic advance was observed for seed yield plot-1, biological yield plot-1, harvest index and pods plant-1 indicating the importance of additive gene effects for these traits. Biological yield plot-1 and harvest index exhibited positive and significant correlation with seed yield while days to 50% flowering exhibited negative and significant association with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that biological yield plot-1 had highest positive direct effect on seed yield followed by branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. It was concluded that improvement in the seed yield of fenugreek is possible through selection for biological yield plot-1, harvest index, branches plant-1, pod length and test weight. &nbsp

Managing hyperglycaemia during antenatal steroid administration, labour and birth in pregnant women with diabetes

Optimal glycaemic control before and during pregnancy improves both maternal and fetal outcomes. This article summarizes the recently published guidelines on the management of glycaemic control in pregnant women with diabetes on obstetric wards and delivery units produced by the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care and available in full at www.diabetes.org.uk/joint-british-diabetes-society and https://abcd.care/joint-british-diabetes-societies-jbds-inpatient-care-group. Hyperglycaemia following steroid administration can be managed by variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in women who are willing and able to safely self‐manage insulin dose adjustment. All women with diabetes should have capillary blood glucose (CBG) measured hourly once they are in established labour. Those who are found to be higher than 7 mmol/l on two consecutive occasions should be started on VRIII. If general anaesthesia is used, CBG should be monitored every 30 min in the theatre. Both the VRIII and CSII rate should be reduced by at least 50% once the placenta is delivered. The insulin dose needed after delivery in insulin‐treated Type 2 and Type 1 diabetes is usually 25% less than the doses needed at the end of first trimester. Additional snacks may be needed after delivery especially if breastfeeding. Stop all anti‐diabetes medications after delivery in gestational diabetes. Continue to monitor CBG before and 1 h after meals for up to 24 h after delivery to pick up any pre‐existing diabetes or new‐onset diabetes in pregnancy. Women with Type 2 diabetes on oral treatment can continue to take metformin after birth

Frequency of Utilization of ICT Tools by Krishi Vigyan Kendra Scientists of Rajasthan State, India

Information communication technology (ICT) is a multidimensional term for information technology (IT) that addresses the role of integrated communication and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers as well as essential enterprise software, middleware, storage, communication which enable users to access, store, transmit and manipulate information. ICT’s is emerging as an important tool for the progress of society. The new technology has significantly improved lifestyle and efficiency levels in all sectors of the economy. This enables the utility of information & communication technology to overcome physical distances and time gaps in communication. Rapid improvements in information technology have increased their cost and space requirements, speed and storage capacity in a short span of time with traditional communication materials such as posters, charts, leaflets, folders, bulletins, audio tapes, transparency, photographs, prepared slides, videotape etc. In simple terms, ICT is a set of techniques evolved to manage information and move it from one place to another. It has been observed that in this traditional system used to take a lot of time to convey the information given to the farmers and the information was not received correctly. The rapid development of information technology has given a new look to communication systems. Now connecting two computers across the country has become an easy task. Separate ICT projects have been initiated by government, NGO’s and private companies. As a result, villages in many parts of the country have been connected through a wired network to eliminate the distance between rural and urban people. Krishi Vigyan Kendra are established by Indian Council Of Agricultural Research (ICAR) all over the country as an institutional innovation for application of agricultural science and technology on the farmer’s field with the help of multidisciplinary team i.e. Senior Scientists and Subject Matter Specialists. Who give skill or knowledge oriented training to farmers in multidisciplinary areas like Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Home Science Agriculture Extension, Agronomy, Plant Protection Entomology/Pathology and Agriculture Engineer. The result of the study depict that the frequency of utilization of ICT tools by scientists for the farmers the tool which is utilized maximum by the KVK scientist is Smart phone, Internet and WhatsApp with (x = 5.00) and Rank-I and the minimum utilized by scientists Agri Guru, Mahadhan App, Agro medix agriculture app, Farm Key were not very frequently used ICT tools with (x= 0.21, 0.17., 0.7,.0.00). Rank L,LI,LII.LIII,LIV

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PAEDERIA FOETIDA LINN IN CARRAGEENAN INDUCED RAT PAW EDEMA

Ancient time herbal medicine are used for diagnosis of many disease use of natural restoration for prevention and removal of disease symptoms . Although both ethanolic extract and butanolic fraction are effective against carrageenan induced paw edema but butanolic fraction was more effective then its ethanolic extract.Finaly accomplished butanolic fraction of ethanolic extract 100 mg produce a significant anti-inflammatory effects than phenylbutazone 50 mg and ethanolic extract 200 mg. occurs 4 to 5 hrs. after carrageenan injection their acceptability in modern system of medicine . One of the major problems faced by the herbal industry is the unavailability of rigid quality control profiles for herbal materials and their formulations. QC of herbal drugs should meet the standards related to safety, potency and efficacy.There are some specific system present in human body that is responsible for controlling brain heamostatis as well as heamolytic factors. these factor are extradude there effect in the form of adverse reaction role The inflammatory activity against carrageenam induced paw edema in rat using pet ether extract and ethanolic are effective but aqueous extract was more effective as compare to Pet.ether and ethanolic extract. All three extract having analgesic activity but aqueous fraction has more analgesic activity in camparision of Pet ether and ethanol extract . In conclusion every that the plant extracts possess anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties and lead to the isolation of novel compounds