Virtual Water Trade of Cement Industry in Iran

Water is a natural source that in addition to being required for development aims, is necessary for survival. After agriculture, the industry is one of the main water consumers in Iran. One of the main water consumer industries is cement production. However, no study is still conducted on the virtual water trade in the cement industry in Iran. In this paper, the virtual water trade between Iran and 68 countries importing cement from Iran and 40 countries to which Iran has exported cement was investigated. The time period of the current research was from 2001 to 2018. The results showed that the virtual water export of cement was 15.385 × 106 m3/yr. The total virtual water export of cement was calculated to be 276.940 × 106 m3. Virtual water imports of cement are 0.147 × 106 m3/yr. Iran is a net exporter of virtual water. For the production and export of cement in Iran, 70% blue water and 30% gray water are used

Variability of Soil Erosion Intensity Due to Vegetation Cover Changes: Case Study of Orahovacka Rijeka, Montenegro

Vegetation cover change in all the river basins leads to the changes of hydrologic response, soil erosion and sediment dynamics characteristics. Those changes are often viewed as main cause of anthropogenic and accelerated erosion rates in short term and one of the main reasons of climate change in long term. The effects of vegetation cover changes on various parts of water balance and hydrological cycle has to be deeply studied because of its important role on mankind future. The aim of present research was therefore to simulate the responses of soil erosion processes by using a process-oriented soil erosion model IntErO, with the different settings of land use for the years 1977, 1987, 1997, 2006 (2007) and 2016 (2017) in Orahovacka Rijeka watershed; a pilot river basin of the Polimlje Region for the northeastern part of Montenegro. For the current state of land use, calculated peak discharge for the Orahovacka Rijeka was 174-175 m(3) s(-1) (the incidence of 100 years) and there is a possibility for large flood waves to appear in the studied basin. Real soil losses, Gyear, were calculated on 2614-2921 m(3) year(-1), specific 229-256 m(3) km(-2) year(-1) (1977-2017). The value of Z coefficient range from 0.444 to 0.478 and indicates that the river basin belongs to III destruction category. The strength of the erosion process is medium, and according to the erosion type, it is surface erosion. According to our analysis the land use changes in the last 40 years influenced the increase of the soil erosion intensity for 11% in the study watershed. Further studies should be focused on the detailed analysis of the land use changes trends with the other river basins at the national level, closely following responses of soil erosion to the changed land use structure. The results and approach also should be used by policymakers in all national natural resources organizations to highlight the role of management

The effects of foliar application of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on physiological and biochemical changes of corn (Zea mays L) under irrigation withholding in different growth stages

To study the effects of ascorbic acid foliar application and limited irrigation in different growth stages on physiological and biochemical changes of corn, an experiment was conducted in Varamin, Iran during the growing season of 2012. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in split plots arrangement with three replications. Main plots included four different levels of irrigation (complete irrigation, irrigation withholding at 8-leaf stage, irrigation withholding at silks appearance stage and irrigation withholding at both 8-leaf stage and silks appearance stages) and different concentration of foliar application of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (0, 75, and 150 ppm) were allocated to subplots. The results showed that irrigation withholding conditions in different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield, RWC and total chlorophyll but by contrast increased proline content, antioxidant enzymes activity. Ascorbic acid foliar application in irrigation with holding in different growth stages had positive effect on all attributes in this experiment. In general, the results of the present study indicate that usage of AsA reduces the harmful effects of water deficit stress and increases resistance to drought stress in corn plant

Application of InVEST Ecosystem Services Model to Prioritize Sub-watersheds of Talar in term of Soil Erosion, Sediment Retention and Yield

Ecosystem services refer to the benefits and advantages provided directly and indirectly by ecosystem to the people. The concept of ecosystem services has been recognized as a tool for comprehensive decision-making in natural resource management, land use policy design and land use planning in recent years. In this regard, the present study was planned to implement the InVEST sediment delivery ratio (SDR) model and prioritize sub-watersheds of the Talar in Mazandaran province in terms of soil loss, sediment retention and sediment yield. For this purpose, the input factors of the model prepared were including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, land use, digital elevation model, crop management, land management, sediment connectivity index, K parameter (Determinant of the relationship shape between hydrological connection and SDR) and maximum SDR in the study watershed and then were employed to the mentioned model. Based on the results, the amount of annual soil loss, sediment retention and, sediment yield (ton) obtained were 652683, 757588 and 57426, respectively. Moreover, the spatial changes of the studied variables indicated an increasing trend from the south to the north of the research watershed. In addition, Aseran sub-watershed (2.23 ton/ha) in terms of sediment retention hydrological service and Ghadmagah sub-watershed in terms of soil loss (4.43 ton/ha) and sediment yield (0.39 ton/ha) as critical sub-watersheds were identified. The results of sub-watersheds prioritization based on sediment retention can be used in environmental policy-making in order to carry out executive operations of rehabilitation and achieving sustainable development in the study area

Using Wood-Shred, Rice-Straw and Brush-Wood-Dams with Planting Seedlings to Runoff and Erosion Control in a Forest Road Fill Slope

This study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of natural geotextiles, including wood shred (WS), rice straw (RS) and the biomechanics method of brush wood dam (BWD) with planting seedlings of Alnus glutinosa and Salix alba on runoff, soil loss and fill slope. The effects were compared with those obtained from control treatment. A total of 36 plots (2×4m) with three replicates in the direction of gradient to fill slope of a forest road in northern Iran was considered. Soil moisture, canopy cover of seedlings, vegetation coverage, runoff, sedimentation and erosion were measured in plots during 12 months. BWD and WS played an effective role in reducing runoff by 57% and 73%, respectively. By using RS and WS, the sediment concentration was decreased by 23% and 11%, respectively, while by using BWD it increased by 58%. RS (24.16%) and BWD (7%) had the greatest and smallest impact on reducing vegetation coverage, respectively. BWD (33%) and RS (27%) had the highest and lowest canopy cover of seedlings, respectively. Results showed that both RS (22.23%) and A. glutinosa (4.96%) had the greatest effects on increasing soil moisture. Comparison between the planted species and the control treatment (with no seedlings) showed that S. alba was effective in reducing runoff (46.22%), while A. glutinosa was effective in reducing erosion (66.89%) and sediment concentration (53.52%). Finally, interactions between conservation treatment and planting of seedlings played a more effective role in controlling runoff and erosion. Therefore, the application of conservation treatments together with planting of seedlings is recommended in order to provide better soil conservation and restoration of fill slope

Underlying molecular mechanisms of DIO2 susceptibility in symptomatic osteoarthritis

Objectives: To investigate how the genetic susceptibility gene DIO2 confers risk to osteoarthritis (OA) onset in humans and to explore whether counteracting the deleterious effect could contribute to novel therapeutic approaches. Methods: Epigenetically regulated expression of DIO2 was explored by assessing methylation of positional CpG-dinucleotides and the respective DIO2 expression in OA-affected and macroscopically preserved articular cartilage from end-stage OA patients. In a human in vitro chondrogenesis model, we measured the effects when thyroid signalling during culturing was either enhanced (excess T3 or lentiviral induced DIO2 overexpression) or decreased (iopanoic acid). Results: OA-related changes in methylation at a specific CpG dinucleotide upstream of DIO2 caused significant upregulation of its expression (ß=4.96; p=0.0016). This effect was enhanced and appeared driven specifically by DIO2 rs225014 risk allele carriers (ß=5.58, p=0.0006). During in vitro chondrogenesis, DIO2 overexpression resulted in a significant reduced capacity of chondrocytes to deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) components, concurrent with significant induction of ECM degrading enzymes (ADAMTS5, MMP13) and markers of mineralisation (ALPL, COL1A1). Given their concurrent and significant upregulation of expression, this process is likely mediated via HIF-2a/RUNX2 signalling. In contrast, we showed that inhibiting deiodinases during in vitro chondrogenesis contributed to prolonged cartilage homeostasis as reflected by significant increased deposition of ECM components and attenuated upregulation of matrix degrading enzymes. Conclusions: Our findings show how genetic variation at DIO2 could confer risk to OA and raised the possibility that counteracting thyroid signalling may be a novel therapeutic approach

CEO-Firm Matches: Evidence from Competition Shocks

Competition shocks fundamentally alter the nature of a firm's strategy; an increase (decrease) in competition shifts firms’ focus from long-term growth (short-term performance) to short-term performance (long-term growth). Using major decreases and increases of import tariffs as quasi-natural experiments, this paper documents a non-monotonic relationship between competition and the probability of CEO turnover. Based on CEOs’ prior experience, I construct two indices of skills: 1) skills that are suitable for high-competition and short-term performance, and 2) skills that are desirable for low-competition and long-term growth. I find that firms are more likely to retain a CEO or appoint a candidate with high-competition (low-competition) skills following a tariff cut (increase). Using family firms as instruments for the quality of CEO-firm matches, I find that firms run by CEOs with relevant skills outperform those run by CEOs who lack those skills. Because turnovers are costly, firms change their CEOs if the benefits of a CEO with relevant skills outweigh the costs. I examine whether firms that retain their CEOs alternatively change their compensation plan to motivate CEOs to deliver appropriate strategies. I find that financial conditions and CEO power prevent firms from implementing compensation schemes that promote optimal strategies following competition shocks

Emergency Evacuation Planning Problem under Uncertainty in Events

Large-scale emergency evacuations in the wake of hazardous events, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, volcanic disruptions, nuclear meltdowns, etc., are an important part of disaster management as they directly associate with protecting human lives. Due to the unpredictable nature of disasters, an evacuation plan can be heavily affected by the uncertainty of events. The resulting deviations can contribute to road congestions, prolonged evacuation process, unstable traffic behaviors, and lead to chaos, injuries, and loss of life. Two approaches can be taken to handle these uncertainties. First could be to develop an evacuation route plan and schedule prior to the arrival of the adversarial event by considering the risk of exposure to the disaster impact (pro-active planning), and second would be to monitor the progress of the evacuation, detect deviations, and make adjustments if needed (recovery strategy). Our proposed research focuses on developing pro-active plans and recovery strategies to handle associated uncertainties that are either due to the occurrence of probable incidents or randomness in data. Using the theory of dynamic network flow optimization, the following studies are conducted: First, emergency evacuation management under possible road disruptions in the transportation network is studied. During an evacuation, roads can be cut off due to road flooding, blocked because of wild-fire propagation, accidents or collapse of highway structures, etc. A comprehensive approach for rerouting the disturbed flow is introduced which can address disruptions on multiple roads occurring at different times. Two innovative algorithms for parameter calculation are introduced to reduce mathematical complexity and computational burden. Using these algorithms, a MIP formulation for rerouting the disturbed flow is proposed. Computational results show the validity of our approach. Second, the effect of uncertain road closures on traffic dynamics in a system-optimal setting is investigated to provide a proactive evacuation plan while considering a recovery strategy (rerouting) to compensate for the negative effects of the disruption. The previously mentioned algorithms for parameter calculation are extended to be implemented for disruption scenarios, and a MIP two-stage stochastic program is introduced to solve the problem. The first stage of the two-stage program aims to find the proactive evacuation plan while the second stage finds the best recovery strategy in the face of each scenario of disruption. Comparisons are made between the plans yielded from existing deterministic models with the plans provided by our proposed approach which demonstrates the superiority of our developed stochastic program. Third, an evacuation planning problem under uncertainty of the number of would-be evacuees (demand) is investigated. It is assumed that based on the available historical data, accurate predictions on demand are not possible and the probability distribution function of demand cannot be estimated. Accordingly, a data-driven robust optimization approach is developed to solve the evacuation planning problem by directly incorporating data samples in the mathematical formulation of the problem. To build the uncertainty sets, an unsupervised machine learning approach (support vector clustering) is used which employs a piecewise linear kernel function to effectively capture the distributional geometry of massive demand data. Furthermore, to provide tighter uncertainty sets, an uncertainty set based on the intersection of the previous uncertainty set (SVC-based uncertainty set) and a conventional robust optimization uncertainty set (e.g., Box uncertainty set) is introduced. Mixed-integer programming (MIP) data-driven formulations for each of the introduced uncertainty sets are developed and numerical experiments are conducted. Results show that by using a regularization parameter it is possible to adjust the level of robustness and conservatism in the optimization models. Fourth, a framework to provide proactive evacuation plans under the risk of unexpected capacity disruptions in the evacuation network is proposed. It is assumed that due to the uniqueness of disastrous events, enough information on the uncertain road disruptions is not available, the uncertainty distributions are not perfectly known, and only partial information on the probability distributions is accessible. The problem is formulated as a distributionally robust data-driven model to ensure that constraints affected by uncertainties are satisfied under any probability distribution consistent with the constructed uncertainty set. Auxiliary variables are introduced to reformulate the problem and build a MIP optimization framework. A heuristic algorithm is introduced to even more reduce the complexity of the problem and decrease its computational time. Numerical experiments indicate that by using the heuristic approach the computational time is significantly reduced. Moreover, compared to the existing deterministic models, the proposed distributionally robust data-driven program can reduce the percentage of disturbed evacuees and negative consequences of road disruptions.Industrial Engineering, Department o

D‌A‌M‌A‌G‌E D‌E‌T‌E‌C‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌F S‌T‌R‌U‌C‌T‌U‌R‌E‌S U‌S‌I‌N‌G W‌A‌V‌E‌L‌E‌T P‌A‌C‌K‌E‌T A‌N‌A‌L‌Y‌S‌I‌S A‌N‌D D‌I‌M‌E‌N‌S‌I‌O‌N‌A‌L‌I‌T‌Y R‌E‌D‌U‌C‌T‌I‌O‌N

D‌e‌t‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e i‌n s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s i‌s a m‌a‌i‌n c‌o‌n‌c‌e‌r‌n i‌n m‌a‌n‌y a‌r‌e‌a‌s o‌f c‌i‌v‌i‌l e‌n‌g‌i‌n‌e‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g. I‌n r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t y‌e‌a‌r‌s, d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s i‌n s‌e‌n‌s‌o‌r t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌o‌l‌o‌g‌y a‌n‌d s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌q‌u‌e‌s h‌a‌s a‌t‌t‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌d r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h‌e‌s t‌o‌w‌a‌r‌d s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l-b‌a‌s‌e‌d m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y a d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e d‌e‌t‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m i‌s p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l‌i‌t‌y r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n. I‌A‌S‌C-A‌S‌C‌E h‌e‌a‌l‌t‌h m‌o‌n‌i‌t‌o‌r‌i‌n‌g b‌e‌n‌c‌h‌m‌a‌r‌k s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e i‌s u‌t‌i‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d f‌o‌r a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. T‌h‌i‌s b‌u‌i‌l‌d‌i‌n‌g i‌s a 12-D‌O‌F f‌r‌a‌m‌e w‌i‌t‌h b‌r‌a‌c‌e‌s a‌t e‌a‌c‌h l‌e‌v‌e‌l. S‌i‌x d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e c‌a‌s‌e‌s a‌r‌e d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d w‌h‌i‌c‌h c‌o‌v‌e‌r a r‌a‌n‌g‌e o‌f e‌x‌t‌e‌n‌s‌i‌v‌e t‌o s‌l‌i‌g‌h‌t d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e‌s. I‌t i‌s a‌s‌s‌u‌m‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t e‌a‌c‌h s‌t‌o‌r‌y i‌s i‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌m‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d b‌y f‌o‌u‌r s‌e‌n‌s‌o‌r‌s. A r‌a‌n‌d‌o‌m e‌x‌c‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e t‌o s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e e‌a‌r‌t‌h‌q‌u‌a‌k‌e l‌o‌a‌d. 10\% n‌o‌i‌s‌e i‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d t‌o m‌o‌d‌e‌l r‌e‌a‌l c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l‌s. F‌i‌r‌s‌t, w‌a‌v‌e‌l‌e‌t p‌a‌c‌k‌e‌t d‌e‌c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌s‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n (W‌P‌D) i‌s u‌t‌i‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d t‌o d‌e‌c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌s‌e s‌e‌n‌s‌o‌r o‌u‌t‌p‌u‌t‌s. I‌n c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n t‌o d‌i‌s‌c‌r‌e‌t‌e w‌a‌v‌e‌l‌e‌t t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌f‌o‌r‌m (D‌W‌T), W‌P‌D d‌e‌c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌s‌e‌s b‌o‌t‌h a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌x‌i‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌n‌d c‌o‌e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t‌s t‌o f‌o‌r‌m a f‌u‌l‌l t‌r‌e‌e. E‌a‌c‌h s‌e‌n‌s‌o‌r o‌u‌t‌p‌u‌t i‌s e‌x‌t‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌d s‌e‌p‌a‌r‌a‌t‌e‌l‌y. T‌o s‌e‌p‌a‌r‌a‌t‌e n‌o‌i‌s‌e f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e a‌c‌t‌u‌a‌l v‌i‌b‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l i‌s d‌e‌c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e‌n r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d. B‌e‌s‌t t‌r‌e‌e i‌s e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌o e‌s‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌e d‌e‌c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌s‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n l‌e‌v‌e‌l‌s u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e S‌h‌a‌n‌n‌o‌n e‌n‌t‌r‌o‌p‌y c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌o‌n. S‌i‌n‌c‌e s‌e‌n‌s‌o‌r o‌u‌t‌p‌u‌t‌s a‌r‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t, b‌e‌s‌t t‌r‌e‌e f‌o‌r e‌a‌c‌h s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌s. T‌h‌e‌r‌e‌f‌o‌r‌e e‌x‌t‌r‌a‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s m‌a‌d‌e o‌n o‌n‌e l‌e‌v‌e‌l. C‌o‌e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e f‌i‌r‌s‌t l‌e‌v‌e‌l a‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d a‌s t‌h‌e s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l f‌e‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s. N‌e‌x‌t, s‌e‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l w‌a‌v‌e‌l‌e‌t f‌u‌n‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e e‌x‌a‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d t‌o f‌i‌n‌d t‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌p‌r‌i‌a‌t‌e o‌n‌e f‌o‌r t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y. T‌w‌e‌l‌v‌e f‌u‌n‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d a‌n‌d B‌i‌o‌r 3.3 i‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d a‌s t‌h‌e b‌e‌s‌t w‌a‌v‌e‌l‌e‌t f‌u‌n‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n. I‌n t‌h‌e s‌e‌c‌o‌n‌d s‌t‌e‌p, d‌i‌m‌e‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l‌i‌t‌y r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d t‌o r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e a‌m‌o‌u‌n‌t o‌f d‌a‌t‌a. P‌r‌i‌n‌c‌i‌p‌a‌l c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌n‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s (P‌C‌A) i‌s u‌s‌e‌d t‌o r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e d‌a‌t‌a. P‌C‌A i‌s a‌n e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌q‌u‌e t‌h‌a‌t h‌a‌s p‌r‌o‌v‌e‌d i‌t‌s a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y w‌h‌e‌n t‌h‌e a‌m‌o‌u‌n‌t o‌f d‌a‌t‌a i‌s l‌a‌r‌g‌e. I‌t m‌a‌p‌s l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r‌l‌y c‌o‌r‌r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d d‌a‌t‌a p‌o‌i‌n‌t‌s c‌a‌l‌l‌e‌d `p‌r‌i‌n‌c‌i‌p‌a‌l c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌n‌e‌n‌t‌s' b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e h‌i‌g‌h‌e‌s‌t v‌a‌r‌i‌a‌n‌c‌e. B‌y u‌s‌i‌n‌g P‌C‌A t‌h‌e w‌a‌v‌e‌l‌e‌t c‌o‌e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t‌s o‌f s‌i‌x‌t‌e‌e‌n s‌e‌n‌s‌o‌r‌s a‌r‌e r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e‌d t‌o o‌n‌l‌y o‌n‌e s‌i‌g‌n‌a‌l. E‌n‌e‌r‌g‌y o‌f t‌h‌e r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e‌d c‌o‌e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t‌s i‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d a‌s a d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e i‌n‌d‌e‌x. R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m h‌a‌s a g‌o‌o‌d c‌a‌p‌a‌c‌i‌t‌y t‌o i‌d‌e‌n‌t‌i‌f‌y d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e i‌n t‌h‌e i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e‌d s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e