Оценка влияния инструментов экологической политики Российской Федерации на региональные инвестиции в охрану окружающей среды

Реализация концепции устойчивого развития обусловливает осуществление экономического роста при снижении негативного воздействия на окружающую среду. Для достижения этого необходимы инвестиции в охрану окружающей среды, стимулирование которых, прежде всего, должна обеспечивать национальная экологическая политика. Целью статьи является оценка влияния инструментов экологической политики (плата за допустимые и сверхнормативные выбросы, штрафы, расходы на экологический контроль, межбюджетные трансферты, обязательное экологическое страхование, региональные налоговые льготы) на развитие региональных инвестиций в охрану окружающей среды в субъектах Российской Федерации на основе данных Росстата. Методами исследования являются построение панельных регрессий с фиксированными и случайными эффектами, типологии регионов по отраслевой специализации исходя из значений коэффициентов локализации, различные виды анализа (структурный, группировки). По результатам исследования выявлено, что проводимая в России экологическая политика способствовала незначительному росту в регионах текущих природоохранных расходов, прежде всего в регионах аграрной специализации, но не стимулировала увеличение природоохранных инвестиций в основной капитал. Это не позволило улучшить показатели качества окружающей среды в большинстве российских регионов. Наибольшее влияние на осуществление природоохранных инвестиций в основной капитал оказали расходы на экологический контроль (в промышленных регионах), плата за допустимые выбросы (в промышленных и агропромышленных регионах). Значимого влияния штрафов, межбюджетных трансфертов, расходов на обязательное экологическое страхование и региональных налоговых льгот на природоохранные инвестиции в основной капитал в российских регионах не выявлено. Для повышения результативности государственной экологической политики предлагается повысить плату за превышение нормативов допустимых выбросов и штрафы за нарушение природоохранного законодательства, пересмотреть целевой характер межбюджетных трансфертов в части стимулирования природоохранных инвестиций в основной капитал, а также осуществить пилотные проекты по внедрению инструментов экологической политики, соответствующих лучшим международным практикам

Оценка влияния инструментов экологической политики Российской Федерации на региональные инвестиции в охрану окружающей среды

Реализация концепции устойчивого развития обусловливает осуществление экономического роста при снижении негативного воздействия на окружающую среду. Для достижения этого необходимы инвестиции в охрану окружающей среды, стимулирование которых, прежде всего, должна обеспечивать национальная экологическая политика. Целью статьи является оценка влияния инструментов экологической политики (плата за допустимые и сверхнормативные выбросы, штрафы, расходы на экологический контроль, межбюджетные трансферты, обязательное экологическое страхование, региональные налоговые льготы) на развитие региональных инвестиций в охрану окружающей среды в субъектах Российской Федерации на основе данных Росстата. Методами исследования являются построение панельных регрессий с фиксированными и случайными эффектами, типологии регионов по отраслевой специализации исходя из значений коэффициентов локализации, различные виды анализа (структурный, группировки). По результатам исследования выявлено, что проводимая в России экологическая политика способствовала незначительному росту в регионах текущих природоохранных расходов, прежде всего в регионах аграрной специализации, но не стимулировала увеличение природоохранных инвестиций в основной капитал. Это не позволило улучшить показатели качества окружающей среды в большинстве российских регионов. Наибольшее влияние на осуществление природоохранных инвестиций в основной капитал оказали расходы на экологический контроль (в промышленных регионах), плата за допустимые выбросы (в промышленных и агропромышленных регионах). Значимого влияния штрафов, межбюджетных трансфертов, расходов на обязательное экологическое страхование и региональных налоговых льгот на природоохранные инвестиции в основной капитал в российских регионах не выявлено. Для повышения результативности государственной экологической политики предлагается повысить плату за превышение нормативов допустимых выбросов и штрафы за нарушение природоохранного законодательства, пересмотреть целевой характер межбюджетных трансфертов в части стимулирования природоохранных инвестиций в основной капитал, а также осуществить пилотные проекты по внедрению инструментов экологической политики, соответствующих лучшим международным практикам

Trends in the epidemiology of diabetic foot and lower limb amputations in Russian Federation according to the Federal Diabetes Register (2013–2016)

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological study of diabetic foot (DF) is very important because of high risk lower limbs amputations in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the DF prevalence in adult patients with type 1 (T1) and 2 (T2) diabetes in Russian Federation for period 201316years. METHODS: We have used the database of the Russian Federal Diabetes register, 81st regions included in the online register. Indicators were estimated per 10,000 adult DM patients (18years). RESULTS: In 2016, the prevalence of DF in RF was T1 4,7%, T2 1,9%, with marked interregional differences: 0,1519,9%, 0,0710,3%, respectively. The DF prevalence in RF decreased: T1 506,3473,6, T2 214,60194,8. The incidence of new DF cases/per year was stable in adults with T1: 20,820,4/; increased in T2 13.214.2. The mean age of DF diagnosis increased by 2years for both DM types. The average DM duration of DF determine increased T1 15.419.0years, T2 7.410.1years. Proportion of DF forms: neuropathic with trophic ulcer 41.6%, neuropathic form (Charcot's foot) 17.9%, the neuroischemic 28.3%, ischemic 12.2%, in T2: 41.6%, 7,4%, 32,4%, 18,5%, respectively. The amount of new cases of amputations/per year in dynamics: T1 10,512,4, T2 9,610,9, with marked interregional differences 0.132.9% in T1, 0.04-6.0% in T2. The mean DM duration before amputation increased in T1 18.421.3years, in T2 9.19.9. The average amputation age: T1 51.7years, T2 66.2years. There was marked decrease in proportion of major amputations: T1 43,637,0%, T2 52.245.5 by redistribution in one toe amputations T14,010.0%, in T22,89.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamic of new DF cases in adult patients in Russian Federation is stable at T1, in T2 tends to increase. The interregional differences in frequency of DF and amputations may be due to differences in the quality of specialized care, the lack or shortage of diabetic foot cabinets, treatment of patients with DF in general surgical practice in a number of regions, which is recognized as a less effective strategy. A positive fact that proportion of high amputations declines, DF develops in later age and longer diabetes duration, that may reflect the increasing effectiveness of preventive lower limbs in diabetes

Antimicrobial resistance in foodborne <i>Salmonella enterica</i> isolates in the Republic of Belarus

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern. Salmonella spp., which can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, are among the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Materials and methods. The antimicrobial resistance of 358 bacterial isolates collected from food and water in the Republic of Belarus (Belarus) in 20182021 was studied by analyzing phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of antibiotic bacterial resistance. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to classify and identify bacteria. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria was measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration method using a Sensititre automated bacteriological analyzer and the disk diffusion test for 45 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates were identified by whole-genome sequencing. Results. The in vitro testing of phenotypic bacterial susceptibility showed high susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (97.2%), third-generation cephalosporins (93.9%), carbapenems (98.0%), ampicillin (81.8%), aminoglycosides (97.5%), tetracyclines (87.5%), chloramphenicol (93.8%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) (95.3%) and colistin (85.2%). It was found that the antibiotic resistance mechanism in S. enterica was associated with the presence of genes blaTEM-1B (82%), blaTEM-1C (7.7%), blaSHV-12 (2.6%), blaDHA-1 (2.6%), blaCMY-2 (7.7%), qnrB2 (9.1%), qnrB4 (9.1%), qnrB5 (9.1%), qnrB19 (72.7%), aac(6)-Ib-cr (9.1%), aac(6)-Iaa (100%), aadA1 (13.2%), aadA2 (8.8%), tetB (74.3%), tetA (25.7%), tetM (2.9%), tetD (28.6%), mcr-9 (1.5%). Conclusion. All the bacterial isolates were phenotypically susceptible to first-line antibiotics used in treatment of salmonellosis: fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. The whole-genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates (19.0%) detected resistance genes for 9 groups of antibiotics: aminoglycosides (100%), beta-lactams (57.4%), fluoroquinolones (16.2%), tetracyclines (51.5%), macrolides (1.5%), phenicols (30.4%), trimethoprim (13.0%), sulfonamides (47.8%) and colistin (1.4%). Thus, epidemiological surveillance of the Salmonella spread through the food chain is of critical importance for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among foodborne Salmonella

Demonstration of a parity-time symmetry breaking phase transition using superconducting and trapped-ion qutrits

Scalable quantum computers hold the promise to solve hard computational problems, such as prime factorization, combinatorial optimization, simulation of many-body physics, and quantum chemistry. While being key to understanding many real-world phenomena, simulation of non-conservative quantum dynamics presents a challenge for unitary quantum computation. In this work, we focus on simulating non-unitary parity-time symmetric systems, which exhibit a distinctive symmetry-breaking phase transition as well as other unique features that have no counterpart in closed systems. We show that a qutrit, a three-level quantum system, is capable of realizing this non-equilibrium phase transition. By using two physical platforms - an array of trapped ions and a superconducting transmon - and by controlling their three energy levels in a digital manner, we experimentally simulate the parity-time symmetry-breaking phase transition. Our results indicate the potential advantage of multi-level (qudit) processors in simulating physical effects, where additional accessible levels can play the role of a controlled environment.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure

Diabetes mellitus type 2 in adults

Public organization &ldquo;Russian Association of Endocrinologists&rdquo;. Clinical guidelines.&nbsp

Diabetes mellitus type 1 in adults

Public organization &ldquo;Russian Association of Endocrinologists&rdquo;. Clinical guidlines

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat