2-irreducible and strongly 2-irreducible ideals of commutative rings

An ideal I of a commutative ring R is said to be irreducible if it cannot be written as the intersection of two larger ideals. A proper ideal I of a ring R is said to be strongly irreducible if for each ideals J, K of R, J\cap K\subseteq I implies that J\subset I or K\subset I. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of 2-irreducible and strongly 2-irreducible ideals which are generalizations of irreducible and strongly irreducible ideals, respectively. We say that a proper ideal I of a ring R is 2-irreducible if for each ideals J, K and L of R, I= J\cap K\cap L implies that either I=J\cap K or I=J\cap L or I=K\cap L. A proper ideal I of a ring R is called strongly 2-irreducible if for each ideals J, K and L of R, J\cap K\cap L\subseteq I implies that either J\cap K\subseteq I or J\cap L\subseteq I or K\cap L\subseteq I.Comment: 15 page

Title: Effects of hydatid cyst antigen on Hella cells in vitro

زمینه و هدف: شیوع کیست هیداتیک در بیمارانی که به سرطان مبتلا هستند در مقایسه با جمعیت سالم پایین تر است. در این مطالعه اثر آنتی ژن های دفعی ترشحی، مایع کیست هیداتیک و آنتی ژن خام بر روی رشد سلول های سرطانی هلا بررسی شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی آنتی ژن های دفعی ترشحی، مایع کیست هیداتیک و آنتی ژن خام از کیست های هیداتید تهیه و فرکشن های آنها با استفاده از سولفات آمونیوم جدا سازی شدند. این آنتی ژن ها به سلول های هلا اضافه شده و به مدت 48 ساعت انکوبه گردیدند. تعداد سلول های زنده و مرده در مقایسه با فلاسک کنترل شمارش شد و با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS و آزمون Jonckheere–Terpstra Test آنالیز شدند و 05/0P< معنی دار در نظر گرفته شد. . نتایج: در سلول هایی که با فرکشن های آنتی ژن های دفعی ترشحی، مایع کیست هیداتیک و آنتی ژن خام تیمار شده بودند هر سه فرکشن در مقایسه با فلاسک شاهد به صورت معنی داری باعث کاهش رشد سلول های سرطانی شدند و فرکشن آنتی ژن خام به صورت معنی داری باعث مرگ سلول های سرطانی گردید. نتیجه گیری: آنتی ژن های مختلف کیست هیداتیک باعث مرگ سلولی در سلول های هلا می شوند؛ لذا پیشنهاد می گردد در مورد خاصیت ضد سرطانی این آنتی ژن ها تحقیقات بیشتری صورت گیرد

Molecular diagnosis of Old World leishmaniasis: Real-time PCR based on tryparedoxin peroxidase gene for the detection and identification of Leishmania spp

Background & objectives: Rapid and accurate diagnosis and identification of Leishmania sp causing cutaneous leishmaniasis is crucial in control and therapeutic programs. The problem of diagnosis with traditional methods is that they have a low sensitivity or time consuming but molecular techniques would be an alternative method for rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this work, tryparedoxine peroxidase gene-based real-time PCR was used for accurate identification of Leishmania spp causing Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: In this study, biopsies of specimens were taken from the ulcerative sites in 100 patients and used for direct microscopy, culture in NNN or fixed in alcohol for identification of Leishmania spp using tryparedoxin peroxidase gene-based realtime PCR (qPCR). Results: Using direct microscopy and culture method, Leishmania parasites were isolated from 68 out of 100 patient samples. However, 13 patients with negative finding on traditional tests, had positive results on RT-PCR test. After melting curve analysis of PCR product, Leishmania major in 75 and L. tropica in 4 cases were identified. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis was 98.7 and 59.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that RT-PCR was the most sensitive diagnostic test for cutaneous leishmaniasis and represents a tool for rapid species identification

In-vitro effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Tanacetum parthenium extract on Trichomonas vaginalis

Background: Trichomonas vaginalisis a flagellate parasite causing vaginosis as a common sexual transmitted disease. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for this disease; but due to its side effects it is necessary to search for an alternative drug. In this study, the effect of Tanacetum parthenium on Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated. Methods: Using percolation method, hydro-alcoholic extracts of Tanacetum parthenium was prepared. The extract was dried using vacuum rotary evaporator. Different doses of the extract were added to 8 tubes containing culture medium of Trichomonas vaginalis; metronidazole was added to 1 tube. Finally, 104 Trichomonas vaginalis was added to each tube. Every 24 hours for 3 days, the tubes were seen for count and motion of the parasite under the microscope. Findings: In concentrations of 4, 5, 8 and 10 mg/ml of Tanacetum parthenium, the parasite did not grow. The effect of the extract on Trichomonas vaginalis was similar to the effect of metronidazole. Conclusion: Tanacetum parthenium has efficient effect against Trichomonas vaginalis growth in culture medium; so, this herb can be considered as alternative drug for methronidazole

Molecular characterization of the human and sheep hydatid cyst strains in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province of Iran using restriction fragment length plolymorphism (PCR RFLP)

Background: Hydatidosis caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection. In endemic area for this disease there is considerable genetic variation among different isolates of the parasite. These variations may affect the epidemiology, pathology and control of the disease. In this work strain identification of hydatid cysts isolated from human or sheep in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province of Iran has been investigated. Method: Fertile sheep hydatid cysts were collected from several abattoirs inChaharmahal vaBakhtiari province ofIran. Human isolates were obtained at surgery from Kashani hospital in the same area. DNA was extracted from preserved protoscoleces and Nested PCR was performed on the extracted DNA samples, the rDNA-ITS fragment was amplified subsequently. Using 4 restriction enzymes include Rsa², HpaII, Alu² and taq², PCR-RFLP procedure was performed on the PCR products. Results: The size of PCR product in this research was 1000bp in both human and sheep isolates. UsingAlu² enzyme; three fragments of 100, 180 and 720bp in human isolates and two fragments of 800bp and 200bp in sheep isolates were created. Rsa² also revealed three segments of 150, 180 and 670bp in human samples and two fragments of 655bp and 345bp in sheep samples. After using HpaII enzyme three segments with 120, 200 and 680bp length in human isolates and two fragments with 700bp and 300bp in sheep isolates were detected. Finally using Taq² enzyme no digestion was occurred on human or sheep samples. Conclusion: The result of this investigation showed that human hydatid cyst strain in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiati province of Iran is different from sheep ones, so it is recommended to recognize DNA sequence in this human samples in future studies