El biocomercio entre el Perú y el norte de China : potencialidad y reto

La tesis presente se elabora con el objetivo de conocer el biocomercio entre Perú y China, intentando investigar el estado de las exportaciones de Perú a China, especialmente las exportaciones de productos provenientes de la biodiversidad, discutiendo los problemas existentes y la potencialidad para su desarrollo hacia el futuro. Para realizar el trabajo de investigación, en base del resumen del marco teórico y conceptual, se plantean una serie de indicadores cuantitativos, un grupo de entrevistas cualitativas y la investigación bibliográfica. Se ha trabajado con los datos de más de 200 empresas chinas que importan desde el Perú y sus registros comerciales de importación del Perú en el año 2017, que suman un valor FOB total de 1.532.184.605 dólares, representando el 13,43% de la exportación total de Perú a China. Esta información se apoya con las informaciones obtenidas en las entrevistas y la investigación bibliográfica. Finalmente, se prueba el fenómeno que las exportaciones peruanas de productos de biodiversidad entran principalmente al sur de China, debido a factores culturales, políticos, económicos y sociales. La dificultad en el entendimiento mutuo por la distancia en las ideologías y culturas y el conflicto de biopiratería son los problemas principales que enfrenta la expansión de las exportaciones peruanas a China. En este sentido, para las empresas exportadoras peruanas, se debe reconocer el mercado potencial del norte de China, considerar las condiciones económicas de los mercados locales y los riesgos de biopiratería en la explotación y manejo de las cooperaciones comerciales con los socios chinos.The present thesis is elaborated in order to understand the biotrade between Peru and China, trying to investigate the state of Peru's exports to China, especially the exports of products from biodiversity, discussing the existing problems and the potential for developments towards the future. To carry out the research, based on the summary of the theoretical and conceptual framework, a series of quantitative indicators, a group of qualitative interviews and bibliographical research have been presented. After collecting the data of more than 200 Chinese importing companies and their commercial records in the year 2017 of import from Peru, with a total FOB value of 1,532,184,605 dollars, representing 13.43% of the total export of Peru to China. Also supported by the information obtained in the interviews and bibliographic research, the phenomenon that Peruvian exports of biodiversity products enter mainly in southern China is finally proven, impacted by cultural, political, economic and social factors. The difficulty in mutual understanding due to distance in ideologies and cultures and the conflict of biopiracy consist of the main problems. In this sense, for Peruvian exporting companies, the potential market in northern China must be recognized, while the economic conditions of local markets and the risks of biopiracy must be considered at the same time in the exploitation and management of the commercial cooperation with Chinese partners.Tesi

Maternal adherence to micronutrient supplementation before and during pregnancy in Northwest China: a large-scale population-based cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES To report the situation of maternal micronutrient supplementation before and during pregnancy in Northwest China and to examine the rates of and factors related to the adherence to micronutrient supplementation among pregnant women in this region, where dietary micronutrient intake is commonly insufficient. DESIGN A large-scale population-based cross-sectional survey. SETTING Twenty counties and ten districts of Shaanxi Province. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 30 027 women were selected using a stratified multistage random sampling method. A total of 28 678 women were chosen for the final analysis after excluding those who did not provide clear information about nutritional supplementation before and during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maternal adherence to micronutrient supplementation (high and low) were the outcomes. They were determined by the start time and duration of use according to Chinese guidelines (for folic acid (FA) supplements) and WHO recommendations (for iron, calcium and multiple-micronutrient (MMN) supplements). RESULTS In total, 83.9% of women took at least one kind of micronutrient supplement before or during pregnancy. FA (67.6%) and calcium (57.5%) were the primarily used micronutrient supplements; few participants used MMN (14.0%) or iron (5.4%). Adherence to supplementation of all micronutrients was low (7.4% for FA, 0.6% for iron, 11.7% for calcium and 2.7% for MMN). Higher educational levels, higher income levels, urban residence and better antenatal care (including pregnancy consultation and a higher frequency of antenatal visits) were associated with high adherence to micronutrient supplementation. CONCLUSION Maternal micronutrient supplementation before and during pregnancy in Northwest China was way below standards recommended by the Chinese guidelines or WHO. Targeted health education and future nutritional guidelines are suggested to improve this situation, especially in pregnant women with disadvantaged sociodemographic conditions

Association of antenatal vitamin B complex supplementation with neonatal vitamin B12 status: evidence from a cluster randomized controlled trial

Purpose Evidence about the effect of maternal vitamin B12 supplementation on offspring’s vitamin B12 status is limited. The present interventional study sought to evaluate the association of antenatal vitamin B complex supplementation with neonatal vitamin B12 status. Methods In an ongoing cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in three rural counties in northwest China, pregnant women < 20 weeks of gestation were randomized to three treatment groups: blank control, iron supplements, or vitamin B complex supplements. All women were administered folic acid supplements during the periconceptional period. In a sub-study, we collected cord blood samples of 331 participants from the control or vitamin B complex groups in the Xunyi county from January 2017 to December 2017. Plasma concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine were measured. Linear mixed models with a random intercept for cluster were used to compare biochemical indexes between groups after controlling for covariates. Results Compared with newborns whose mothers were in the control group, newborns of the vitamin B complex-supplemented women had significantly higher cord plasma vitamin B12 (P = 0.001) and lower homocysteine concentrations (P = 0.043). The association of antenatal vitamin B complex supplementation with cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations appeared to be more pronounced among newborns with high folate status than those with low folate status (Pinteraction = 0.060). Conclusions Maternal vitamin B complex supplementation during pregnancy was associated with better neonatal vitamin B12 status in rural northwest China

Associations of B Vitamin-Related Dietary Pattern during Pregnancy with Birth Outcomes: A Population-Based Study in Northwest China

This study aimed to derive a maternal dietary pattern to explain the variation in B vitamins during pregnancy and to investigate this pattern in relation to birth outcomes. A total of 7347 women who gave birth to live newborns less than one year were included. Their dietary pattern during pregnancy was derived using the reduced-rank regression method with six B vitamins as response variables. Associations between dietary pattern score and birth weight, gestational age at delivery, birth weight Z score, low birth weight, preterm, and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) were estimated using generalised linear mixed models. We identified a high B-vitamin dietary pattern characterised by high intakes of animal foods, vegetables, fungi and algae, legumes, and low intakes of oils and cereals. Women in the highest quartile of this pattern score had newborns with a 44.5 g (95% CI: 13.8, 75.2 g) higher birth weight, 0.101 (95% CI: 0.029, 0.172) higher birth weight Z score, and 27.2% (OR: 0.728; 95% CI: 0.582, 0.910) lower risk of SGA than those in the lowest quartile. Our study suggested that adherence to the high B-vitamin dietary pattern during pregnancy was associated with a higher birth weight and a lower risk of SGA

Is Increasing Diet Diversity of Animal-Source Foods Related to Better Health-Related Quality of Life among Chinese Men and Women?

Diet plays a crucial role in regulating individuals’ lifestyles and is closely related to health. The intake of animal-sourced foods (ASF) provides the human body with high-quality protein and various micronutrients. This study aimed to investigate whether the diversity of animal foods has a positive impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among residents. The data came from the Shaanxi baseline survey of the Northwest Chinese Regional Ethnic Cohort Study, which recruited more than 100 thousand participants aged 35 to 74 from five provinces between June 2018 and May 2019. A total of 39,997 participants in Shaanxi (mean age: 50 years; 64% women) were finally included in this current study. The animal source food diet diversity score (ASFDDS) was established based on the frequency of consuming pork, mutton, beef, poultry, seafood, eggs, pure milk, and yogurt. The physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS), ranging from 0 to 100 on the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), were used to assess participants’ HRQoL. Better PCS/MCS was defined as scores higher than the 90th percentile. The results showed that men had a higher intake of ASF and ASFDDS than women. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with those who never or rarely consumed animal foods, the likelihood of having better PCS and MCS increased by 16% (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01–1.34) and 24% (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.03–1.448), respectively, in men with an ASFDDS ≥ 2. In women, a 34% increase (OR = l.34, 95%CI: 116–l.54) likelihood for better PCS was observed for an ASFDDS ≥ 2, but no association was observed for MCS. Increasing each specific animal source’s food intake was associated with better PCS after adjusting for all covariates. However, for MCS, positive associations were only observed in seafood consumption among men and eggs among women. Restricted cubic splines showed a substantial dose-response association between intake frequency of animal-source foods and PCS, both in men and women. The study suggests that a diverse intake of animal-sourced foods can potentially improve the HRQoL of Chinese adults

HLA-B*14:01 and HLA-B*35:01 are associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced liver injury

Background and AimTrimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) is an important cause of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI), but its genetic risk factors are not well understood. We investigated the relationship between variants in the HLA Class I and II genes and well characterized cases of TMP‐SMX DILI.MethodsEuropean American and African American persons with TMP‐SMX DILI were compared to respective population controls. HLA sequencing was performed by Illumina MiSeq for cases. HLA genotype imputation with attribute bagging (HIBAG) program was used to impute HLA alleles for controls. Allele frequency difference between cases and controls was tested by Fisher exact tests per ethnic group. For European Americans, multivariable logistic regression with Firth penalization was used to test HLA allelic effect after adjusting for age and the top two principal components. Molecular docking was performed to assess the HLA binding with TMP and SMX.ResultsThe European American subset had 51 cases and 12,156 controls, while the African American subset had 10 cases and 5,439 controls. Four HLA alleles were significantly associated in the European American subset, with HLA‐B*14:01 ranking at the top (OR: 9.20, 95% CI: 3.16‐22.35, p=0.0003) after covariate adjustment. All HLA‐B*14:01 carriers with TMP‐SMX DILI possessed HLA‐C*08:02, another significant allele (p=0.0026). This pattern was supported by HLA‐B*14:01‐HLA‐C*08:02 haplotype association (p=1.33x10‐5). For the African Americans, HLA‐B*35:01 had 2.8‐fold higher frequency in cases than in controls, with five of 10 patients carrying this allele. Molecular docking showed Cys67 in HLA‐B*14:01 and Phe67 in HLA‐B*35:01 to be the predictive binding sites to SMX metabolites. ConclusionHLA‐B*14:01 is associated with TMP‐SMX DILI in European Americans, and HLA‐B*35:01 may be a potential genetic risk factor for African Americans

Yard Crane Rescheduling under the Influence of Random Fault

In the operation of the imported container area of the container yard, the fault of the yard crane often occurs, and the fault is random and unpredictable, which greatly affects the operational efficiency of the container yard. To improve the operation efficiency of the container yard, this paper studies the rescheduling optimization problem of the multi-container area and multi-yard crane when random faults occur in container lifting operations in the container import area. Considering the different impacts of different fault conditions on the container yard operation, the fault impact judgment mechanism is established. The waiting time of external container trucks and customer satisfaction is considered for yard crane rescheduling. Yard crane rescheduling model after the fault is constructed, aiming at the minimum deviation from the original scheduling scheme. And the AEA (annealing evolution algorithm) algorithm is used to solve it. The effectiveness of magic and the specificity of the algorithm are verified by the analysis of numerical examples in different scales. The research data of Dalian Port is used to carry out experiments, and the experimental analysis of examples in different scales verifies the effectiveness of the model and the scientific nature of the algorithm. Compared with the existing scheme, this scheme is more practical, which can not only give the treatment scheme immediately when the fault occurs but also effectively improve the working efficiency of the container yard and provide a reference for the port to enhance customer satisfaction

Research on the Coordination between Agricultural Production and Environmental Protection in Kazakhstan Based on the Rationality of the Objective Weighting Method

In the context of sustainable development, agricultural production and environmental protection are inseparable, and environmental quality directly affects regional agricultural production safety. Kazakhstan is the largest food producer and exporter in Central Asia, and the quality of its agricultural environment is of great significance to international food security. This study focuses on the rationality of the entropy weight, factor weight, and CRITIC weight in the agricultural environmental evaluation within the common objective weight method, and comprehensively evaluates the coordination of environmental protection and agricultural production in Kazakhstan. The results show that (1) CRITIC weights are the most stable, followed by factor weights, while entropy weighting is the most unstable; objective weighting methods have their limitations and must be related to actual conditions and subjective experience. (2) The level of environmental protection and the degree of coordination are most problematic near the Aral Sea, followed by the remaining western region; the results reveal that these evaluation indexs are also insufficient at Kostany and Karagandy in the central region; this is caused by historical issues, climate change, natural conditions, and agricultural management patterns. Investment in environmental protection and agricultural production management should be coordinated in a targeted manner. (3) Except for the areas near the Aral Sea, the level of agricultural production in other states is very promising. This research serves as a reference for environmental assessment research, environmental governance investment, and agricultural production management in Kazakhstan

Spatial Differentiation Patterns And Influencing Factors Analysis Of Housing Prices In Shenyang: 沈阳市住房价格空间分异格局及其影响因素研究

Affordable housing plays a significant role for the wellbeing of people all over the world. However, against the background of housing commodification and market reforms since 1978 in China, housingprice in many cities especially mega cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guanghzou in China hasundergone rapidly increasing. The fact negatively affects housing accessibility of many residents and leadsto socio-spatial polarization of many cities. Driven by this concern, this research explores the spatial distribution pattern of housing prices and the influencing factors of Shenyang, a typical old industrial city in China.Based on POI data and the Kriging method, we firstly simulated the spatial distribution pattern of housingprices in Shenyang. Then, 11 independent variables were selected (consisting of community characteristics,public facilities and public transportations) to investigate mechanisms underlying the spatial differential pattern of housing prices of Shenyang, based on the Geographically Weighted Regression model (GWR). Theresults are as following. First, the housing price of different communities in Shenyang spatially forms amulti-center structure. Changbai region has replaced Shenhe and Heping districts as the new peak price area.Second, the independent variables show significant spatial heterogeneity. Variables related to communitycharacteristics, such as ratio of green space, parking lot ratio and neighbourhoods management fees, have significant positive effects on housing price in general. Third, we found that urban housing market developmentof old industrial cities such as Shenyang has long been featured by the "strong government, weak market" development strategies