Genetic diversity and population structure of dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

Ljekovita kadulja (Salvia officinalis L.) je višegodišnji polugrm kamenjarskih staništa i jedna od najznačajnijih autohtonih vrsta u flori istočne jadranske obale i otoka. Uz pomoć osam mikrosatelitnih biljega analizirana je genetička raznolikost i populacijska struktura 23 populacije iz Hrvatske te dvije populacije iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Utvrđeno je da je većina populacija u Hardy-Weinbergovoj ravnoteži, dok je kod šest populacija utvrđen signifikantan manjak heterozigota. Južne populacije pokazuju najveću gensku raznolikost kao i alelno bogatstvo, koje se prema sjeveru postupno smanjuje. Vrijednosti genetičke diferencijacije su niske i ukazuju na visoku razinu protoka gena. Analizom molekularne varijance utvrđeno je da je većina ukupne genetičke raznolikosti uzrokovana unutarpopulacijskom raznolikošću. Bayesovske analize populacijske strukture ukazuju na postojanje riječnih barijera u smjeru sjeveroistok-jugozapad (Zrmanja, Cetina) i planinskih masiva u smjeru sjeverozapad-jugoistok (Velebit, Biokovo). Utvrđeno je postojanje izolacije uslijed udaljenosti. Ne postoje jasni znakovi da su populacije prošle kroz nedavno genetičko usko grlo.Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial subshrub growing in rocky habitats and represents one of the most significant autochthonous species in flora of eastern Adriatic coast and islands. Genetic diversity and population structure of 23 populations from Croatia and two from Bosnia and Herzegovina were analyzed using eight microsatellite markers. The majority of populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium while significant deficit of heterozygotes was detected in six populations. Southern populations showed the highest values of gene diversity and allelic richness which gradually decreased towards north. Values of genetic differentiation were low indicating high levels of gene flow. Analysis of molecular variance showed that most of total genetic diversity was attributable to within population variation. Bayesian analyses of population structure revealed the existence of riverine barriers in the northeast-southwest direction (Zrmanja, Cetina), as well as mountain ranges (Velebit, Biokovo) in the direction of northwest-southeast. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was observed. There was no clear indication of recent genetic bottlenecks

Genetic diversity and population structure of dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

Ljekovita kadulja (Salvia officinalis L.) je višegodišnji polugrm kamenjarskih staništa i jedna od najznačajnijih autohtonih vrsta u flori istočne jadranske obale i otoka. Uz pomoć osam mikrosatelitnih biljega analizirana je genetička raznolikost i populacijska struktura 23 populacije iz Hrvatske te dvije populacije iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Utvrđeno je da je većina populacija u Hardy-Weinbergovoj ravnoteži, dok je kod šest populacija utvrđen signifikantan manjak heterozigota. Južne populacije pokazuju najveću gensku raznolikost kao i alelno bogatstvo, koje se prema sjeveru postupno smanjuje. Vrijednosti genetičke diferencijacije su niske i ukazuju na visoku razinu protoka gena. Analizom molekularne varijance utvrđeno je da je većina ukupne genetičke raznolikosti uzrokovana unutarpopulacijskom raznolikošću. Bayesovske analize populacijske strukture ukazuju na postojanje riječnih barijera u smjeru sjeveroistok-jugozapad (Zrmanja, Cetina) i planinskih masiva u smjeru sjeverozapad-jugoistok (Velebit, Biokovo). Utvrđeno je postojanje izolacije uslijed udaljenosti. Ne postoje jasni znakovi da su populacije prošle kroz nedavno genetičko usko grlo.Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial subshrub growing in rocky habitats and represents one of the most significant autochthonous species in flora of eastern Adriatic coast and islands. Genetic diversity and population structure of 23 populations from Croatia and two from Bosnia and Herzegovina were analyzed using eight microsatellite markers. The majority of populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium while significant deficit of heterozygotes was detected in six populations. Southern populations showed the highest values of gene diversity and allelic richness which gradually decreased towards north. Values of genetic differentiation were low indicating high levels of gene flow. Analysis of molecular variance showed that most of total genetic diversity was attributable to within population variation. Bayesian analyses of population structure revealed the existence of riverine barriers in the northeast-southwest direction (Zrmanja, Cetina), as well as mountain ranges (Velebit, Biokovo) in the direction of northwest-southeast. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was observed. There was no clear indication of recent genetic bottlenecks

Development of new microsatellite markers for Salvia officinalis L. and its potential use in conservation-genetic studies of narrow endemic Salvia brachyodon Vandas

Nine new microsatellite markers (SSR) were isolated from Salvia officinalis L. A total of 125 alleles, with 8 to 21 alleles per locus, were detected in a natural population from the east Adriatic coast. The observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content ranged from 0.46 to 0.83, 0.73 to 0.93 and 0.70 to 0.92, respectively. New microsatellite markers, as well as previously published markers, were tested for cross-amplification in Salvia brachyodon Vandas, a narrow endemic species known to be present in only two localities on the Balkan Peninsula. Out of 30 microsatellite markers tested on the natural S. brachyodon population, 15 were successfully amplified. To obtain evidence of recent bottleneck events in the populations of both species, observed genetic diversity (H$_E$) was compared to the expected genetic diversity at mutation-drift equilibrium (H$_{EQ}$) and calculated from the observed number of alleles using a two-phased mutation model (TPM). Recent bottleneck events were detected only in the S. brachyodon population. This result suggests the need to reconsider the current threat category of this endemic species

Development of New Microsatellite Markers for Salvia officinalis L. and Its Potential Use in Conservation-Genetic Studies of Narrow Endemic Salvia brachyodon Vandas

Abstract: Nine new microsatellite markers (SSR) were isolated from Salvia officinalis L. A total of 125 alleles, with 8 to 21 alleles per locus, were detected in a natural population from the east Adriatic coast. The observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content ranged from 0.46 to 0.83, 0.73 to 0.93 and 0.70 to 0.92, respectively. New microsatellite markers, as well as previously published markers, were tested for cross-amplification in Salvia brachyodon Vandas, a narrow endemic species known to be present in only two localities on the Balkan Peninsula. Out of 30 microsatellite markers tested on the natural S. brachyodon population, 15 were successfully amplified. To obtain evidence of recent bottleneck events in the populations of both species, observed genetic diversity (HE) was compared to the expected genetic diversity at mutation-drift equilibrium (HEQ) and calculated from the observed number of alleles usingInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13 1208

Genetic Diversity and Demographic History of Wild and Cultivated/Naturalised Plant Populations: Evidence from Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae).

Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is a well-known aromatic and medicinal Mediterranean plant that is native in coastal regions of the western Balkan and southern Apennine Peninsulas and is commonly cultivated worldwide. It is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Knowledge of its genetic diversity and spatiotemporal patterns is important for plant breeding programmes and conservation. We used eight microsatellite markers to investigate evolutionary history of indigenous populations as well as genetic diversity and structure within and among indigenous and cultivated/naturalised populations distributed across the Balkan Peninsula. The results showed a clear separation between the indigenous and cultivated/naturalised groups, with the cultivated material originating from one restricted geographical area. Most of the genetic diversity in both groups was attributable to differences among individuals within populations, although spatial genetic analysis of indigenous populations indicated the existence of isolation by distance. Geographical structuring of indigenous populations was found using clustering analysis, with three sub-clusters of indigenous populations. The highest level of gene diversity and the greatest number of private alleles were found in the central part of the eastern Adriatic coast, while decreases in gene diversity and number of private alleles were evident towards the northwestern Adriatic coast and southern and eastern regions of the Balkan Peninsula. The results of Ecological Niche Modelling during Last Glacial Maximum and Approximate Bayesian Computation suggested two plausible evolutionary trajectories: 1) the species survived in the glacial refugium in southern Adriatic coastal region with subsequent colonization events towards northern, eastern and southern Balkan Peninsula; 2) species survived in several refugia exhibiting concurrent divergence into three genetic groups. The insight into genetic diversity and structure also provide the baseline data for conservation of S. officinalis genetic resources valuable for future breeding programmes

Within-population microsatellite diversity and genetic relationships of 30 Dalmatian sage populations.

<p>Populations are numbered as for <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0159545#pone.0159545.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. (A) Distribution of sampled populations: circles indicate indigenous populations; triangles indicate cultivated/naturalised populations. Symbol colours correspond to allelic richness (<i>N</i>_<i>ar</i>): white < 5, yellow 5–7, orange 7–9 and red >9. (B) Unrooted Fitch-Margoliash tree based on Cavalli-Sforza's chord distance. Bootstrap support values greater than 50% of 1,000 replicates are given near the branches.</p

Ecological Niche Modelling of <i>Salvia officinalis</i> under (a) present, (b) Last Glacial Maximum CCSM conditions and (c) Last Glacial Maximum MIROC conditions.

<p>The colour codes indicate habitat suitability, from light blue (low suitability) to dark blue (high suitability) as calculated by the model.</p

Genetic structure of 30 Dalmatian sage populations as estimated by the software STRUCTURE.

<p>The population numbering corresponds to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0159545#pone.0159545.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. (A) Population structure assuming K = 4. (B) Proportions of membership for K = 2 to 4 clusters are given. Each individual plant is represented by a single vertical line divided into colours. Each colour represents one cluster, and the length of the coloured segment shows the individual’s estimated proportion of membership in that cluster. White lines separate populations that are labelled below the figure.</p

Analysis of molecular variance for the partitioning of microsatellite diversity.

<p>Analysis of molecular variance for the partitioning of microsatellite diversity.</p

Isolation by distance analysis among 23 indigenous Dalmatian sage populations.

<p>Isolation by distance analysis among 23 indigenous Dalmatian sage populations.</p