Origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerves in goats of the Saanen breed

Estudaram-se a origem e distribuição dos nervos isquiáticos, de ambos os antímeros, em 30 caprinos (Capra hircus) da raça Saanen, sendo 16 machos e 14 fêmeas. Estes animais foram coletados após morte natural e submetidos à fixação em solução aquosa, a 10%, de formaldeído. Os nervos isquiáticos originaram-se 28 vezes (93,3%) do ramo ventral do sexto nervo espinhal lombar e dos ramos ventrais do primeiro e segundo nervos espinhais sacrais; além disso, esses nervos tabém receberam duas vezes (6,7%), contribuição do ramo ventral do terceiro nervo espinhal sacral. Os nervos isquiáticos cederam, em todos os animais, ramos para os músculos glúteos médios, glúteos profundos, gluteobíceps, gêmeos, semitendíneos e semimembranáceos. Sobretudo, notaram-se arranjos peculiares desses ramos musculares para cada espécime. Através da aplicação da prova de Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 0,05, não se observaram diferenças significativas entre as freqüências de ramos musculares dos nervos isquiáticos, que foram cedidos para os antímeros direito e esquerdo, e ainda em relação ao sexo dos caprinos da presente investigação.The origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerves at both sides were studied in 30 goats (Capra hircus) of the Saanen breed, being 16 males and 14 females. These specimens were collected after natural death of the animals and submitted to fixation in a 10% formaldehyde solution. The ischiatic nerves arose from the ventral branch of the sixth lumbar and the first and second sacral spinal nerves in 28 cases (93.3%). In addition, these nerves also received contributions from the ventral branch of the third sacral spinal nerve in two cases (6.7%) at both sides. In all animals, the right and left ischiatic nerves gave off branches to the muscles gluteus medius, gluteus profundus, gluteobiceps, gemelli, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. In particular, peculiar arrangements of these muscular branches were noticed for each specimen. By using the Wilcoxon test with significance level at 0.05, there were no significant differences among the frequencies of muscular branches of the ischiatic nerves emitted to the right and left sides, and also in relation to the sex of the goats in the present investigation

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos

Background: Equidae nutritional change increased the frequency of diseases due to inappropriate administration and storage of rations. Although there are reports of ionophore poisoning (IP) and leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in equidae from Brazil, the concurrent occurrence of both diseases by the same contaminated commercial ration is unprecedented. Therefore, the present paper aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of concurrent IP and LEM outbreaks in horses.Cases: Eleven farmers from seven different locations in Distrito Federal, Midwestern Brazil, reported sudden clinical signs in 27 horses after the ingestion of commercial pelleted ration. During the farm visits, it was found that the ration brand and batches were identical, and macroscopic evaluation revealed no abnormalities. Eight horses were clinically evaluated and presented hyporexia, apathy, hypermetria, ataxia, dehydration, dyspnea, tongue hypotonia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, facial hypoalgesia, dysphagia, and sporadic or permanent recumbence. Laboratorial changes were restricted to creatine phosphokinase (mean: 1,573.4 ± 16.9 IU/L) and gammaglutamyl transferase (mean: 34.85 ± 29.14 IU/L) serum increases. Pathological evaluation has performed in eight horses presenting pallor and whitish striations in the gluteal, longissimus dorsi, femoral quadriceps muscles and myocardium, varying from mild to moderate. One horse also showed a soft and yellowish focal area on the right temporal lobe white matter. Microscopically, alterations in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues included striated muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes segmental necrosis, characterized by sarcoplasmic fragmentation with clusters of eosinophilic debris, cellular retraction and hypereosinophilia. Histological alterations in the central nervous system of one horse were characteristic of LEM. Ration samples analysis revealed the presence of salinomycin (2,384.91 ± 100.7 ppm), narasin (144.15 ± 7.75 ppm) and fumonisins (0.87 to 4.09 ppm). Eight hospitalized horses were submitted to clinical therapy (gastric lavage and application of activated charcoal; fluid-electrolyte imbalance correction, intravenous dimethylsulfoxide, tocopherol and selenium supplementation). Four (50%) horses had permanent sequelae (muscle weakness and mild ataxia), two (25%) recovered without sequelae, and two (25%) were euthanized due to inability to stand and poor prognosis. Considering the total number of affected horses, mortality rate reached 59.25% (16/27).Discussion: Usually ionophores are safely used in livestock and bird production at the recommended doses. However, horses are among the most susceptible species and do not tolerate any exposure to the substance. The outbreaks herein occurred due accidental ionophore contamination of commercial ration at the industry probably by manufacturing process technical failures. Similarly, fumonisins contamination may be caused by feedstock inadequate storage at the industry, or improper ration storage in the farms. The suspicion of two concurrent diseases (IP and LEM) in the horses of these outbreaks was confirmed through the association of epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological findings and measurement of ionophores and fumonisins in the commercial ration. We reiterate the difficulty in diagnosing associated clinical syndromes, especially when high-lethality diseases are involved

Glanders and equine infectious anemia prevalence in traction equids from distrito federal

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, 2011.A equideocultura possui grande importância econômica e social no Brasil e algumas doenças causam prejuízos consideráveis aos proprietários, principalmente, aquelas onde é obrigatória a eutanásia dos animais positivos, como o mormo e a anemia infecciosa equina. Com o objetivo de se conhecer a situação epidemiológica dessas doenças em equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal, foi estimada a prevalência e realizada a identificação de possíveis fatores de risco associados a elas. Foram sorteados aleatoriamente 350 proprietários e foram amostrados todos os equídeos de cada proprietário sorteado, totalizando 496 animais. Para o diagnóstico do mormo, foi realizada a triagem com o teste de fixação de complemento (FC) e os animais reagentes foram submetidos a dois testes da maleína consecutivos com intervalo de 45 dias. Nenhum animal apresentou resultado positivo ao teste da maleína e estes resultados permitiram concluir com 95% de confiança que, se a doença estiver presente no DF, a sua prevalência é inferior a 0,85%. O diagnóstico da AIE foi realizado por meio da técnica de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA). A prevalência de AIE estimada para proprietários foi de 2,29% intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% = [1,01% - 4,2%] e, para animais, a prevalência foi de 1,81% intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% = [0,55% - 3,07%]. Este estudo demonstra que ambas as doenças estão controladas na população de equídeos de tração, porém, o serviço oficial deve manter a vigilância ativa a fim de evitar novos focos de mormo e não deve medir esforços para reduzir a prevalência da AIE no DF por meio da exigência de exames periódicos dos animais e melhor controle da entrada de equídeos provenientes de áreas onde é desconhecida a prevalência da AIE. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTHorse breeding has a great economical and social importance in Brasil and some diseases cause economic losses to the owners, mainly, because of the obligation to eliminate the test positive animals, like glanders and equine infectious anemia (EIA). With a view to determining the epidemiological situation of these diseases in traction equids from Distrito Federal, it was estimate the prevalence and identified possible potential risk factors associated to them. Three hundred and fifty owners were randomly sampled and all equids from each random owner were sampled, totalizing 496 animals. Glander’s diagnostic was based in a screening with complement fixation test (CFT) and the positive animals were submitted to two consecutives mallein tests with the interval of 45 days. None of the animals was glanders positive and was observed that, if the disease exists in DF, there is a probability of 95% that the prevalence is lower than 0,85%. The EIA’s diagnostic was realized using the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). The prevalence was estimated at 2.29% confidence interval (CI) 95% = [1.01% - 4.2%] for owners testing positive and 1.81% confidence interval (CI) 95% = [0.55% - 3.07%] for horses. This study demonstrated that both diseases are controlled in traction equids population, however, the official service should keep active vigilance with the objective of prevent new glander’s focus and should effort to reduce the EIA’s prevalence in DF demanding periodic tests of these animals and improving the entrance control of equídeos originary from areas where the EIA’s prevalence is not known

Origem e distribuição dos nervos isquiáticos em caprinos da raça Saanen Origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerves in goats of the Saanen breed

Estudaram-se a origem e distribuição dos nervos isquiáticos, de ambos os antímeros, em 30 caprinos (Capra hircus) da raça Saanen, sendo 16 machos e 14 fêmeas. Estes animais foram coletados após morte natural e submetidos à fixação em solução aquosa, a 10%, de formaldeído. Os nervos isquiáticos originaram-se 28 vezes (93,3%) do ramo ventral do sexto nervo espinhal lombar e dos ramos ventrais do primeiro e segundo nervos espinhais sacrais; além disso, esses nervos tabém receberam duas vezes (6,7%), contribuição do ramo ventral do terceiro nervo espinhal sacral. Os nervos isquiáticos cederam, em todos os animais, ramos para os músculos glúteos médios, glúteos profundos, gluteobíceps, gêmeos, semitendíneos e semimembranáceos. Sobretudo, notaram-se arranjos peculiares desses ramos musculares para cada espécime. Através da aplicação da prova de Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 0,05, não se observaram diferenças significativas entre as freqüências de ramos musculares dos nervos isquiáticos, que foram cedidos para os antímeros direito e esquerdo, e ainda em relação ao sexo dos caprinos da presente investigação.<br>The origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerves at both sides were studied in 30 goats (Capra hircus) of the Saanen breed, being 16 males and 14 females. These specimens were collected after natural death of the animals and submitted to fixation in a 10% formaldehyde solution. The ischiatic nerves arose from the ventral branch of the sixth lumbar and the first and second sacral spinal nerves in 28 cases (93.3%). In addition, these nerves also received contributions from the ventral branch of the third sacral spinal nerve in two cases (6.7%) at both sides. In all animals, the right and left ischiatic nerves gave off branches to the muscles gluteus medius, gluteus profundus, gluteobiceps, gemelli, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. In particular, peculiar arrangements of these muscular branches were noticed for each specimen. By using the Wilcoxon test with significance level at 0.05, there were no significant differences among the frequencies of muscular branches of the ischiatic nerves emitted to the right and left sides, and also in relation to the sex of the goats in the present investigation