AVALIAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES DOS RESÍDUOS DE Pinus patula EM DIFERENTES PERÍODOS DE ARMAZENAMENTO VISANDO A COGERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades de resíduos de Pinus patula recém-abatidos e armazenados por um mês e por três meses, atacados e não atacados pela vespa da madeira, visando a um sistema de cogeração energética. Foram determinados a umidade de base úmida, a densidade básica, o poder calorífico inferior e o teor de cinzas do material. O valor da umidade para os resíduos recém-abatidos foi igual a 55,99%, enquanto que os resíduos armazenados e atacados por vespa não apresentaram diferenças significativas, com valor médio de 26,20%. Verificou-se que os valores de densidade básica e o teor de cinzas dos resíduos não apresentaram grandes variações, com médias de 0,380 g/cm3 e 0,436%. Os maiores valores para o poder calorífico foram 3507.71 cal/g e 3496.49 cal/g para resíduos de três meses não atacados e resíduos de um mês atacados por vespa. O material apresentou-se com potencial para geração de energia, considerando que o melhor período para sua utilização ocorre a partir de um mês e no máximo de três meses no caso de serem atacados por vespas. Palavras-chave: Resíduos; Pinus patula; energia.   Abstract Evaluation of the properties of Pinus patula residues in different storage periods aiming at energy co-generation. This work was intended to evaluate the properties of residues of newly logged Pinus patula and stored for one month and three months, either attacked or not attacked by the wood wasp, aiming at a system of energy co-generation. Moisture content (moist basis), basic density, inferior heat power, and ash content of the material were determined. The value of moisture for the newly logged residues was equal to 55.99%, while the stored and wasp-attacked residues presented no significant differences with average values of 26.20%. It was found that the values of basic density and ash content of the residues did not present any great variation with means of 0.380g/cm3 and 0.436%. The highest values for the heat power were 3577.1 cal/g and 3496.49 cal/g for the non-attacked three month residues and the wasp-attacked one-month residues. The material presented itself as a potential for energy-generation taking into account that the best period for it use occurs from one month on and in the maximum of three months in the case of them being attacked by wasps.Keywords: Residues; Pinus patula; energy.This work was intended to evaluate the properties of residues of newly logged Pinus patula and stored for one month and three months, either attacked or not attacked by the wood wasp, aiming at a system of energy co-generation. Moisture content (moist basis), basic density, inferior heat power, and ash content of the material were determined. The value of moisture for the newly logged residues was equal to 55.99%, while the stored and wasp-attacked residues presented no significant differences with average values of 26.20%. It was found that the values of basic density and ash content of the residues did not present any great variation with means of 0.380g/cm3 and 0.436%. The highest values for the heat power were 3577.1 cal/g and 3496.49 cal/g for the non-attacked three month residues and the wasp-attacked one-month residues. The material presented itself as a potential for energy-generation taking into account that the best period for it use occurs from one month on and in the maximum of three months in the case of them being attacked by wasps

Productivity of cedar Australian ministumps in function of the initial nutrient.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a produtividade de minicepas de cedro-australiano em função do teor inicial de nutrientes em dois sistemas de minijardim multiclonal, conduzidos em canaletão e tubetes. Foi determinada a produtividade de miniestacas em 186 minicepas em cada sistema de manejo e os teores de nutrientes nas brotações emitidas por 20 minicepas selecionadas ao acaso em cada sistema. Foram realizadas cinco coletas de brotações em intervalos médios de 32 dias no sistema canaletão, enquanto no sistema tubete foram realizadas três coletas de brotações em intervalos médios de 31 dias. O número de miniestacas produzidas por minicepa foi correlacionado com o teor inicial de nutrientes da parte apical das mudas. A produtividade de minicepas de cedro-australiano manejadas em sistema canaletão e em tubetes está relacionada à nutrição mineral. Assim, níveis elevados de nutrientes nas minicepas favorecem o ganho em produtividade. Dessa forma, a reposição dos nutrientes conforme a exportação descrita favorecerá o aumento da produtividade das minicepas nos dois sistemas de produção.AbstractProductivity of cedar Australian ministumps in function of the initial nutrient. The aim of this research was to evaluate the productivity of Australian cedar ministumps in function of the initial content of nutrients in two systems of multiclonal minigarden; the experiment was conducted in tray and tubes. We determined the yield of minicuttings in 186 ministumps in each management system and the nutrient contents in shoots issued for 20 ministumps randomly selected in each system. We made a total of five collections of shoots in intervals of 32 days in the tray system, while in the cartridges system we made three collections of shoots in intervals of 31 days. The number of minicuttings produced by mini-stump was correlated with the initial content of nutrients in the apical part of seedlings. The productivity of australian cedar ministumps managed under tray and tubes is related to mineral nutrition. Thus, high levels of nutrients work in favor of ministumps gain in productivity. As result, the recovery of export nutrients, as described, work in favor of increased productivity of ministumps in both systems.Keywords: Vegetative propagation; Toona ciliata; multiclonal minigarden; mineral nutriton.Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the productivity of Australian cedar ministumps in function of the initial content of nutrients in two systems of multiclonal minigarden; the experiment was conducted in tray and tubes. We determined the yield of minicuttings in 186 ministumps in each management system and the nutrient contents in shoots issued for 20 ministumps randomly selected in each system. We made a total of five collections of shoots in intervals of 32 days in the tray system, while in the cartridges system we made three collections of shoots in intervals of 31 days. The number of minicuttings produced by mini-stump was correlated with the initial content of nutrients in the apical part of seedlings. The productivity of australian cedar ministumps managed under tray and tubes is related to mineral nutrition. Thus, high levels of nutrients work in favor of ministumps gain in productivity. As result, the recovery of export nutrients, as described, work in favor of increased productivity of ministumps in both systems

Produtividade de minicepas de cedro australiano e remoção de nutrientes pela coleta sucessiva de miniestacas

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509813324The management of ministumps to produce minicuttings results in the continuous removal of nutrients andit is necessary replacement to avoid depletion and decline in production. Thus, it is necessary to determinethe amount of nutrients removed over time, in different management models, to enable commercial mulproduction.The objective of this study was to evaluate two minigarden multiclonal systems of Toonaciliata, in plastic tubes and bed, for productivity and nutrients removal over time by ministumps, producedby seeds, submitted to successive collections of minicuttings. One hundred and eighty-six seedlings wereused in each management system. In this paper, it was determined the nutrient content in shoots issued by20 ministumps randomly selected in each system. Five shoots were collected at intervals of 32 days in bedsystem, while in the plastic tubes system three shoots were collected at intervals of 31 days. The data wereanalyzed by a sample simple random considering an infinite population of minicuttings. The qualitativetreatment average was compared by confidence interval using the Student t test, 5% probability, and thequantitative treatment (productivity and nutrients removed in time by ministumps) by regression. It hasbeen found that the productivity and nutrient contents removed by ministumps in bed were higher than inthe plastic tubes. Nitrogen and potassium are the nutrients most removed by ministumps in both systems.Here, it was presented the curves corresponding to the nutrients exported, to estimate the replacement thatwill be made in each system over time.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509813324O manejo de minicepas para produção de miniestacas resulta na remoção contínua de nutrientes, sendo indispensável sua reposição para evitar o esgotamento e queda na produção. Assim, é necessário determinar a quantidade de nutrientes removidos no tempo, em diferentes modelos de manejo, para viabilizar a produção comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois sistemas de minijardim multiclonal de Toona ciliata, conduzidos em tubete e canaletão, quanto à produtividade e remoção de nutrientes ao longo do tempo pelas minicepas, produzidas por via seminal, submetidas a coletas sucessivas de miniestacas. Foram utilizadas 186 mudas em cada sistema de manejo. Foram determinados os conteúdos de nutrientes nas brotações emitidas por 20 minicepas selecionadas ao acaso em cada sistema. Foram realizadas cinco coletas de brotações em intervalos médios de 32 dias no sistema canaletão, enquanto no sistema tubete foram realizadas três coletas de brotações em intervalos médios de 31 dias. Os dados foram analisados por amostragem simples ao acaso considerando uma população infinita de miniestacas. As médias dos tratamentos qualitativos foram comparadas por intervalo de confiança, utilizando o teste “t” de Student, a 5% de probabilidade, e os tratamentos quantitativos (produtividade e nutrientes removidos no tempo pelas minicepas) por regressão. Foi constatado que a produtividade e o conteúdo de nutrientes removidos pelas minicepas manejadas em canaletão foram superiores à dos tubetes. O nitrogênio e o potássio foram os nutrientes mais removidos pelas minicepas em ambos os sistemas de manejo. São apresentadas as equações que descrevem as quantidades removidas ao longo do tempo nos dois sistemas

ENRAIZAMENTO DE MINIESTACAS E PRODUTIVIDADE DE MINICEPAS DE CEDRO AUSTRALIANO MANEJADAS EM CANALET 5ES E TUBETES

The planted forest stands aim to supply the growing demand for wood, especially for the sawing and veneer industries, that exclusively used wood from native forests. The Australian cedar ( Toona ciliata ) belongs to the family Meliaceae, is the species of interest for this sector. Studies with the Australian cedar propagation have carried out in latest years, mainly involving the use of mini-cuttings due to the need for high quality cuttings. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the rooting and the productive capacity of Australian cedar mini-strains, managed in lifted seedbeds and 180 cm3 plastic tubes systems. So, two mini-clone gardens were set up. The mini-strains of both gardens were grown from cut-off seedlings originated from seeds. Successive collections of sprouts were carried out to get the mini-cuttings. Afterwards, they remained in the rooting area under intermittent mist. Thirty days later the rooting characteristics of the cuttings originated from both mini-gardens were evaluated. The period of permanence of the cuttings in the gardens was seven-month long. During this period, six collections from the lifted seedbed and four from the plastic tubes were carried out. The mini-strains in the two systems showed 100 % of survival rate. At the end of this seven-month period, an increasing tendency of the average number of mini-cutting was found out in both systems. Those from the lifted seedbed showed more productivity than those ones from the tubes. The plants from the mini-cuttings of the tube showed higher number and length of adventitious roots at the end rooting stage.Os povoamentos florestais plantados buscam atender \ue0 demanda crescente por madeira, principalmente, para as ind\ufastrias de serraria e de lamina\ue7\ue3o, que utilizavam madeira exclusivamente de matas nativas. O cedro australiano ( Toona ciliata ), pertencente \ue0 fam\uedlia Meliaceae, \ue9 uma das esp\ue9cies de interesse desse setor. Pela necessidade cada vez maior por mudas de alta qualidade, estudos sobre propaga\ue7\ue3o de cedro australiano t\ueam sido realizados nos \ufaltimos anos, principalmente envolvendo o uso da miniestaquia. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o enraizamento e a capacidade produtiva das minicepas de cedro australiano, manejadas em sistemas de canalet\uf5es e em tubetes de 180 cm3. Assim, estabeleceram-se dois minijardins de minicepas formadas a partir de mudas recepadas, produzidas por sementes. Nestes dois sistemas, foram realizadas coletas sucessivas de brota\ue7\uf5es para confec\ue7\ue3o de miniestacas, que permaneceram por 30 dias no setor de enraizamento, em c\ue2mara com nebuliza\ue7\ue3o intermitente. Ap\uf3s este per\uedodo, foram avaliadas as caracter\uedsticas do enraizamento das mudas originadas nos dois sistemas de minijardins testados, que foram conduzidos por sete meses e, durante este per\uedodo, foram realizadas seis coletas no minijardim de canalet\ue3o e quatro, no de tubetes. As minicepas dos dois sistemas apresentam 100 % de sobreviv\ueancia. Ao final do per\uedodo observou-se tend\ueancia no aumento do n\ufamero m\ue9dio de miniestacas em ambos os sistemas. As minicepas do sistema de minijardim em canalet\ue3o s\ue3o mais produtivas que as do sistema conduzido em tubetes. As mudas originadas de miniestacas do sistema de tubetes apresentam maior n\ufamero e comprimento de ra\uedzes advent\uedcias na expedi\ue7\ue3o do setor de enraizamento

Influência da posição das miniestacas na qualidade de mudas de cedro australiano e no seu desempenho inicial no pós-plantio

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987553The Toona ciliata (Australian cedar), originated from Australia showed high acclimatization in Brazil, where it found appropriate conditions for its growth, particularly in southern Bahia and throughout the southeastern region. However, the plantings presented irregular stems. Besides the seeds are a limiting resource, in result of their production seasonality and short viability period. This study aimed the evaluation of the quality of cuttings grown from 6 cm length apical, middle and basal mini-cutting positions of the sprouts of the mini-strains - from seminal origin - and the initial growth of cuttings. It was established a multi-clone mini-garden containing a total of 284 mini-strains. After cutting off the sprouts of the seedlings - to originate the mini-strains - the mini-cuttings from the above different positions were collected. At the lifting time of the rooting sector, dry mass weight of shoot and root, length, diameter, number of adventitious roots and survival data were collected. The height and diameter were monitored fortnightly, starting from 80 days after the staking of the mini-cuttings. At the end of the production cycle, the dry mass weight of shoot, the root number, the diameter and the length of root cuttings were evaluated. Thirty percent of the cuttings were transplanted to pots of 3.8 L, in the open air where the height and basal diameter, the dry mass of shoot, the leaves and the roots were measured 60 days after the transplanting. Cuttings originated from the basal mini-cuttings at the end of the lifting time of the rooting sector, showed the highest height and diameter, however no difference was pointed out regarding to the basal diameter of cuttings originated from the middle position. There were no differences related to the shoot dry mass and the adventitious root number, the dry mass weight, the total length and the diameter of the adventitious roots of cuttings in relation to the mini-cutting positions in the sprouts. The survival was high, averaging 94.7% for the apical, 96.3% for the middle and 96.6 for basal position. Sixty days after transplanting, despite the differences in the diameter and the height of the cuttings at the end of the nursery phase, no difference in the height, the diameter and the dry mass weight of shoots, the leaves and the roots as pointed out in the treatments.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987553O cedro australiano, originário da Austrália, adaptou-se muito bem no Brasil, que apresenta condições adequadas para o seu desenvolvimento, sobretudo no sul da Bahia e em toda a região sudeste. Porém, os plantios são irregulares e as sementes são insumo limitante, por sua sazonalidade de oferta e curta viabilidade. A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das mudas obtidas de miniestacas apicais, intermediárias e basais com 6 cm de comprimento oriundas de brotos de minicepas de Toona ciliata cultivadas em minijardim multiclonal em canaletões e o crescimento inicial das mudas no pós-plantio. Foi implantado um minijardim multiclonal em canaletões, contendo um total de 284 minicepas. A partir da parte aérea das mudas recepadas para formação das minicepas, foram produzidas miniestacas de diferentes posições. Na expedição do setor de enraizamento foram coletados dados de massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, comprimento, diâmetro, número de raízes adventícias e sobrevivência. A altura e diâmetro das mudas foram monitorados quinzenalmente, a partir de 80 dias, após o estaqueamento. Ao final do ciclo de produção, as mudas foram avaliadas com relação à massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número, diâmetro e comprimento das raízes. Para avaliar as mudas após o plantio, 30 % das mudas foram transferidas para vasos de 3,8 L, onde foram avaliadas em altura e diâmetro do colo e, aos 60 dias, em massa seca do caule, folhas e raízes. As mudas provenientes das miniestacas basais, na expedição da fase de enraizamento, apresentaram os maiores valores de altura e diâmetro, não se diferenciando das intermediárias com relação ao diâmetro do colo. Não houve diferenças com relação à massa seca da parte aérea e número, massa seca, comprimento total e diâmetro das raízes adventícias das mudas em função do tipo de miniestacas. Após a transferência das mudas para a casa de vegetação, a sobrevivência foi alta, com média de 94,7 % para apicais, 96,3 % para intermediárias e 96,6 % para basais. Aos 60 dias após o plantio, apesar das diferenças observadas no diâmetro e altura das mudas ao final da fase de viveiro, não houve diferença no crescimento em altura, diâmetro e massa seca do caule, folhas e sistema radicular, em função dos tratamentos

Heating Capacity and Biocompatibility of Hybrid Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Treatment

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide and has been responsible for millions of deaths. However, developing a satisfactory smart multifunctional material combining different strategies to kill cancer cells poses a challenge. This work aims at filling this gap by developing a composite material for cancer treatment through hyperthermia and drug release. With this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles were coated with a polymer matrix consisting of poly (L-co-D,L lactic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate) and a poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction confirmed magnetite to be the only iron oxide in the sample. Cytotoxicity and heat release assays on the hybrid nanoparticles were performed here for the first time. The heat induction results indicate that these new magnetic hybrid nanoparticles are capable of increasing the temperature by more than 5 °C, the minimal temperature rise required for being effectively used in hyperthermia treatments. The biocompatibility assays conducted under different concentrations, in the presence and in the absence of an external alternating current magnetic field, did not reveal any cytotoxicity. Therefore, the overall results indicate that the investigated hybrid nanoparticles have a great potential to be used as carrier systems for cancer treatment by hyperthermia

Eosinophil-Associated Innate IL-17 Response Promotes Aspergillus fumigatus Lung Pathology

Aspergillus fumigatus is a common widespread microorganism with environmental, biological and clinical relevance. After inhalation, swollen conidia can germinate, colonize and invade pulmonary tissues. Eosinophils have been described as key cells in A. fumigatus lung infection. However, their specific role in protecting or damaging lung tissue as well as their relatioship among different A. fumigatus strains is poorly understood. Previously, it has been reported that eosinophils are able to produce IL-17 and mediate an innate response that protected mice from infection using Af293 and CEA10 strains. Here, we have developed a set of new experiments with the CEA17-derived A1163 strain of A. fumigatus. Using ΔdblGATA1 mice, we demonstrate that eosinophils produce IL-17 and are involved in control of neutrophil, macrophage and lymphocyte recruitment. We found that eosinophils also induce high levels of cytokines and chemokines, generating an intense inflammatory process. Eosinophils are responsible for increased pulmonary dysfunction and elevated lethality rates in mice. Curiously, fungal burden was not affected. To address the role of IL-17 signaling, pharmacological inhibition of this mediator in the airways with anti-IL-17 antibody was able to reduce inflammation in the airways and protect infected mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that eosinophils control IL-17-mediated response and contribute to lung pathology after A. fumigatus infection. Therefore, eosinophils may represent a potential target for controlling exacerbated inflammation and prevent tissue damage during this fungal infection

ROOTING OF MINICUTTINGS AND MANAGED PRODUCTIVITY OF AUSTRALIAN CEDAR MINISTRAINS GROWN IN LIFTED SEEDBEDS AND TUBES

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987552<br /><br />The planted forest stands aim to supply the growing demand for wood, especially for the sawing and veneer industries, that exclusively used wood from native forests. The Australian cedar (Toona ciliata) belongs to the family Meliaceae, is the species of interest for this sector. Studies with the Australian cedar propagation have carried out in latest years, mainly involving the use of mini-cuttings due to the need for high quality cuttings. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the rooting and the productive capacity of Australian cedar mini-strains, managed in lifted seedbeds and 180 cm3 plastic tubes systems. So, two mini-clone                                                                      gardens were set up. The mini-strains of both gardens were grown from cut-off seedlings originated from seeds. Successive collections of sprouts were carried out to get the mini-cuttings. Afterwards, they remained in the rooting area under intermittent mist. Thirty days later the rooting characteristics of the cuttings originated from both mini-gardens were evaluated. The period of permanence of the cuttings in the gardens was seven-month long. During this period, six collections from the lifted seedbed and four from the plastic tubes were carried out. The mini-strains in the two systems showed 100% of survival rate. At the end of this seven-month period, an increasing tendency of the average number of mini-cutting was found out in both systems. Those from the lifted seedbed showed more productivity than those ones from the tubes. The plants from the mini-cuttings of the tube showed higher number and length of adventitious roots at the end rooting stage

ENRAIZAMENTO DE MINIESTACAS E PRODUTIVIDADE DE MINICEPAS DE CEDRO AUSTRALIANO MANEJADAS EM CANALETÕES E TUBETES

The planted forest stands aim to supply the growing demand for wood, especially for the sawing and veneer industries, that exclusively used wood from native forests. The Australian cedar ( Toona ciliata ) belongs to the family Meliaceae, is the species of interest for this sector. Studies with the Australian cedar propagation have carried out in latest years, mainly involving the use of mini-cuttings due to the need for high quality cuttings. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the rooting and the productive capacity of Australian cedar mini-strains, managed in lifted seedbeds and 180 cm3 plastic tubes systems. So, two mini-clone gardens were set up. The mini-strains of both gardens were grown from cut-off seedlings originated from seeds. Successive collections of sprouts were carried out to get the mini-cuttings. Afterwards, they remained in the rooting area under intermittent mist. Thirty days later the rooting characteristics of the cuttings originated from both mini-gardens were evaluated. The period of permanence of the cuttings in the gardens was seven-month long. During this period, six collections from the lifted seedbed and four from the plastic tubes were carried out. The mini-strains in the two systems showed 100 % of survival rate. At the end of this seven-month period, an increasing tendency of the average number of mini-cutting was found out in both systems. Those from the lifted seedbed showed more productivity than those ones from the tubes. The plants from the mini-cuttings of the tube showed higher number and length of adventitious roots at the end rooting stage.Os povoamentos florestais plantados buscam atender à demanda crescente por madeira, principalmente, para as indústrias de serraria e de laminação, que utilizavam madeira exclusivamente de matas nativas. O cedro australiano ( Toona ciliata ), pertencente à família Meliaceae, é uma das espécies de interesse desse setor. Pela necessidade cada vez maior por mudas de alta qualidade, estudos sobre propagação de cedro australiano têm sido realizados nos últimos anos, principalmente envolvendo o uso da miniestaquia. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o enraizamento e a capacidade produtiva das minicepas de cedro australiano, manejadas em sistemas de canaletões e em tubetes de 180 cm3. Assim, estabeleceram-se dois minijardins de minicepas formadas a partir de mudas recepadas, produzidas por sementes. Nestes dois sistemas, foram realizadas coletas sucessivas de brotações para confecção de miniestacas, que permaneceram por 30 dias no setor de enraizamento, em câmara com nebulização intermitente. Após este período, foram avaliadas as características do enraizamento das mudas originadas nos dois sistemas de minijardins testados, que foram conduzidos por sete meses e, durante este período, foram realizadas seis coletas no minijardim de canaletão e quatro, no de tubetes. As minicepas dos dois sistemas apresentam 100 % de sobrevivência. Ao final do período observou-se tendência no aumento do número médio de miniestacas em ambos os sistemas. As minicepas do sistema de minijardim em canaletão são mais produtivas que as do sistema conduzido em tubetes. As mudas originadas de miniestacas do sistema de tubetes apresentam maior número e comprimento de raízes adventícias na expedição do setor de enraizamento