312 research outputs found
Une philosophie politique de l’école
Le prĂ©sent article propose une rĂ©flexion sur l’école Ă partir du point de vue de la philosophie politique. L’auteur s’attache Ă montrer que cette institution sociale, qui exerce une autoritĂ© et un pouvoir sur les enfants, doit s’interroger sur sa lĂ©gitimitĂ© publique et politique. Ă€ partir de deux modèles d’écoles qu’il dĂ©crit et critique, l’école familiale et l’école citoyenne, il rĂ©cuse l’hĂ©gĂ©monie que la famille et l’État peuvent exercer sur les jeunes par l’entremise de l’école en prĂ´nant leur projet respectif de pĂ©rennisation culturelle ou de formation d’un modèle de citoyen unique. MĂŞme s’il ne nie pas le rĂ´le important qu’elles jouent dans la sociĂ©tĂ©, l’auteur est d’avis que ces institutions Ă©ducatives peuvent empĂŞcher les jeunes de rĂ©aliser leurs intĂ©rĂŞts et leurs idĂ©aux personnels. Il propose un modèle d’école qui s’attache au dĂ©veloppement de l’autonomie individuelle, ce qui n’est pas incompatible avec les valeurs de libertĂ© et de dĂ©mocratie. Le lien social dĂ©coulerait plus d’une relation de confiance entre les personnes que d’identitĂ© ou de partage de valeurs communes, l’école se devant de crĂ©er un milieu de vie favorable au dĂ©veloppement de cette confiance.This article is a reflection about the school from the perspective of political philosophy. The author wishes to demonstrate that this social institution, which exercises an authority and power over the students, must question its public and political legitimacy. He describes and critique two school models, the family school and the citizen school, and objects to the hegemony that the family and State can exercise on the students through the school by advocating their respective plans for cultural permanence or the formation of a unique citizen model. Although he does not deny the important role that schools play in society, the author believes that these institutions may prevent students from following their interests and realizing their personal ideals. He proposes a school model based on the development of individual autonomy, which is not incompatible with the values of freedom and democracy. The social bond would flow more from a relationship of confidence between people rather than from identity or the sharing of common values, since it is the school’s duty to create an environment that promotes the development of this confidence.El presente artĂculo propone una reflexiĂłn sobre la escuela desde el punto de vista de la filosofĂa polĂtica. El autor se esmera en mostrar que Ă©sta instituciĂłn social, que ejerce autoridad y poder sobre los niños, debe interrogarse sobre su legitimidad pĂşblica y polĂtica. A partir de dos modelos de escuela que describe y critica, la escuela familiar y la escuela ciudadana, el autor recusa la hegemonĂa que la familia y el Estado pueden ejercer sobre los jĂłvenes a travĂ©s de la escuela que preconiza sus proyectos respectivos de perennidad cultural o de formaciĂłn de un modelo de ciudadano Ăşnico. Aunque no niega el importante rol que juegan en la sociedad, el autor piensa que esas instituciones educativas pueden impedir a los jĂłvenes de realizar sus intereses y sus ideales personales. Propone un modelo de escuela que se esmera en el desarrollo de la autonomĂa individual, que no es incompatible con los valores de libertad y democracia. El vĂnculo social derivarĂa más de una relaciĂłn de confianza entre las personas que de identidad o de reparticiĂłn de valores comunes, escuela cuyo deber es crear un medio de vida favorable al desarrollo de dicha confianz
Berlin\u27s Methodological Parsimony
In this Article, I want to suggest a third line of argument that can be retrieved from Two Concepts. It is primarily methodological. It enjoins political theorists to define the extension of normative concepts in a manner that makes as perspicuous as possible the various normative considerations that are relevant to political decisionmaking. Although related to the pluralist defense of negative freedom briefly alluded to above, I will suggest that it is distinct from it, and that it allows us to address important but under appreciated lacunae that beset the argument from value pluralism, as well as the argument according to which negative liberty is on consequentialist grounds to be preferred to positive liberty. I will proceed as follows. I will first lay out the argument as I believe that it can be extracted from Two Concepts and from Berlin\u27s work more broadly. I will then provide three independent arguments that I believe can be mounted in favor of the principle of methodological parsimony that I will be ascribing to Berlin. In a third part, I will distinguish the argument from methodological parsimony from the argument from pluralism. I will show that the former argument provides better grounds than does the latter for negative rather than positive liberty. I will also show that it provides a needed complement to the consequentialist argument against positive liberty that, as I suggested, corresponds with the first period of critical reception. Throughout, I will show that the principle of methodological pluralism provides a needed corrective to contemporary theories of freedom situated within the negative liberty family that do not satisfy the criterion of parsimony advocated by Berlin in Two Concepts
Genome analysis of a highly virulent serotype 1 strain of streptococcus pneumoniae from West Africa
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia, estimated to cause 2 million deaths annually. The majority of pneumococcal mortality occurs in developing countries, with serotype 1 a leading cause in these areas. To begin to better understand the larger impact that serotype 1 strains have in developing countries, we characterized virulence and genetic content of PNI0373, a serotype 1 strain from a diseased patient in The Gambia. PNI0373 and another African serotype 1 strain showed high virulence in a mouse intraperitoneal challenge model, with 20% survival at a dose of 1 cfu. The PNI0373 genome sequence was similar in structure to other pneumococci, with the exception of a 100 kb inversion. PNI0373 showed only15 lineage specific CDS when compared to the pan-genome of pneumococcus. However analysis of non-core orthologs of pneumococcal genomes, showed serotype 1 strains to be closely related. Three regions were found to be serotype 1 associated and likely products of horizontal gene transfer. A detailed inventory of known virulence factors showed that some functions associated with colonization were absent, consistent with the observation that carriage of this highly virulent serotype is unusual. The African serotype 1 strains thus appear to be closely related to each other and different from other pneumococci despite similar genetic content
End-of-Life Decision-Making in Canada: The Report by the Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on End-of-Life Decision-Making
This report on end-of-life decision-making in Canada was produced by an international expert panel and commissioned by the Royal Society of Canada. It consists of five chapters
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Pervasive Genetic Hitchhiking and Clonal Interference in 40 Evolving Yeast Populations
The dynamics of adaptation determines which mutations fix in a population, and hence how reproducible evolution will be. This is central to understanding the spectra of mutations recovered in evolution of antibiotic resistance1, the response of pathogens to immune selection2,3, and the dynamics of cancer progression4,5. In laboratory evolution experiments, demonstrably beneficial mutations are found repeatedly6–8, but are often accompanied by other mutations with no obvious benefit. Here we use whole-genome whole-population sequencing to examine the dynamics of genome sequence evolution at high temporal resolution in 40 replicate Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations growing in rich medium for 1,000 generations. We find pervasive genetic hitchhiking: multiple mutations arise and move synchronously through the population as mutational “cohorts.” Multiple clonal cohorts are often present simultaneously, competing with each other in the same population. Our results show that patterns of sequence evolution are driven by a balance between these chance effects of hitchhiking and interference, which increase stochastic variation in evolutionary outcomes, and the deterministic action of selection on individual mutations, which favors parallel evolutionary solutions in replicate populations
Strain-induced orbital energy shift in antiferromagnetic RuO2 revealed by resonant elastic x-ray scattering
In its ground state, RuO2 was long thought to be an ordinary metallic
paramagnet. Recent neutron and x-ray diffraction revealed that bulk RuO2 is an
antiferromagnet (AFM) with TN above 300 K. Furthermore, epitaxial strain
induces novel superconductivity in thin films of RuO2 below 2 K. Here, we
present a resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) study at the Ru L2 edge of
the strained RuO2 films exhibiting the strain-induced superconductivity. We
observe an azimuthal modulation of the 100 Bragg peak consistent with canted
AFM found in bulk. Most notably, in the strained films displaying novel
superconductivity, we observe a ~1 eV shift of the Ru eg orbitals to a higher
energy. The energy shift is smaller in thicker, relaxed films and films with a
different strain direction. Our results provide further evidence of the utility
of epitaxial strain as a tuning parameter in complex oxides.Comment: 20 pages, 3 main figures, 3 supplementary figure
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