Pasado y presente de la noción de resistencia estudiantil: aportes a la investigación y a la enseñanza de sociología de la educación

En este artículo nos proponemos describir las particularidades de la noción de resistencia estudiantil en el pasado y en el presente así como las formas en que esas características contribuyeron, y lo siguen haciendo, para pensar los aportes al campo de producción en investigación así como en la enseñanza de la sociología de la educación.La hipótesis a desarrollar es que junto con las transformaciones en las formaciones históricas y en los dispositivos pedagógicos a través de las reformas educativas, también hay modificaciones en aquello que consideramos resistencia según el contexto, el lugar, los sujetos y las dinámicas que allí se desarrollan. En la actualidad, la resistencia estudiantil ya no conlleva como hace algunas décadas fracaso escolar y social sino las potencialidades, las posibilidades, las formas de insistencia por continuar y sostener la escolaridad. Ello se realiza explorando la noción de resistencia tal como se produjo en el campo investigativo de la sociología de la educación en el pasado y en el presente, recuperando algunas de las transformaciones hacia la actualidad. A la vez, se desarrolla la relación entre la sociología de la educación y los estudios de gubernamentalidad para el estudio de las prácticas de resistencia.In this article we propose to describe the particularities of the notion of student resistance in the past and in the present as well as the ways in which they contribute to reflect on the field of research and the teaching of the sociology of education. The hypothesis is that along with the transformations of the historical formations and the pedagogical devices produced by educational reforms, the conception of resistance also changes according to the context, the place, the subjects and its social dynamics. Currently, the student resistance no longer represents, as it did a few decades ago, "the reproduction of the cycle of school and social failure" (Rockwell (2006: 6), but it now represents the potentialities, possibilities, and several ways of insistence coming from the people to continue and keep the schooling (Langer, 2017) This phenomenon can be known by exploring the notion of resistance, and through the recovering of some of its transformations coming from the past to the present. This is a task that the research field of the sociology of education already did it and continue to do so. Therefore, in this article, we also discuss the relationship between the sociology of education and the governmentality studies in their usefulness for the study of the practices of student resistance.Fil: Langer, Eduardo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios Desigualdades, Sujetos e Instituciones; Argentin

Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), so far, is the most extensively researched and utilized biodegradable aliphatic polyester in human history. Due to its merits, PLA is a leading biomaterial for numerous applications in medicine as well as in industry replacing conventional petrochemical-based polymers. The main purpose of this review is to elaborate the mechanical and physical properties that affect its stability, processability, degradation, PLA-other polymers immiscibility, aging and recyclability, and therefore its potential suitability to fulfill specific application requirements. This review also summarizes variations in these properties during PLA processing (i.e. thermal degradation and recyclability), biodegradation, packaging and sterilization, and aging (i.e. weathering and hygrothermal). In addition, we discuss up-to-date strategies for PLA properties improvements including components and plasticizer blending, nucleation agent addition, and PLA modifications and nanoformulations. Incorporating better understanding of the role of these properties with available improvement strategies is the key for successful utilization of PLA and its copolymers/composites/blends to maximize their fit with worldwide application needs. Keywords: Physical and mechanical properties; PLA; Biodegradable polymers; Polymer processing; Application

Proposal of \u3cem\u3eVibrionimonas magnilacihabitans\u3c/em\u3e gen. nov., sp. nov., a Curved Gram Negative Bacterium Isolated From Lake Michigan Water

A mesophilic bacterium appearing as curved rod-shaped cells was isolated from Lake Michigan water. It exhibited highest similarities with Sediminibacterium ginsengisoli DCY13T (94.4 %); Sediminibacterium salmoneum NJ-44T (93.6 %) and Hydrotalea flava CCUG 51397 T (93.1 %) while similarities with other recognized species were sym-homospermidine was the primary polyamine. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, with moderate amounts of iso-C16 : 0. The presence of glycolipids differentiated the novel strains from related genera. The DNA mol% G+C content of the type strain MU-2T was 45.2. Results for other phenotypic and molecular analyses indicated that strain MU-2T is a representative of a novel genus and species for which the name Vibrionimonas magnilacihabitans is proposed. The type strain is MU-2T ( = NRRL B-59231 = DSM 22423)

Ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery: Mechanisms, scope, and emerging trends

The use of ultrasound for the delivery of drugs to, or through, the skin is commonly known as sonophoresis or phonophoresis. The use of therapeutic and high frequencies of ultrasound (≥ 0.7 MHz) for sonophoresis (HFS) dates back to as early as the 1950s, while low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS, 20–100 kHz) has only been investigated significantly during the past two decades. Although HFS and LFS are similar because they both utilize ultrasound to increase the skin penetration of permeants, the mechanisms associated with each physical enhancer are different. Specifically, the location of cavitation and the extent to which each process can increase skin permeability are quite dissimilar. Although the applications of both technologies are different, they each have strengths that could allow them to improve current methods of local, regional, and systemic drug delivery. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms associated with both HFS and LFS, specifically concentrating on the key mechanistic differences between these two skin treatment methods. Background on the relevant physics associated with ultrasound transmitted through aqueous media will also be discussed, along with implications of these phenomena on sonophoresis. Finally, a thorough review of the literature is included, dating back to the first published reports of sonophoresis, including a discussion of emerging trends in the field.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant EB-00351)Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (Grant DAAD-19-02-D-002

Ideology and the limits of self-interest: System justification motivation and conservative advantages in mass politics

It is commonly assumed that political attitudes are driven by self-interest and that poor people heavily favor policies aimed at redistributing wealth. This assumption fails to explain the popularity of economic conservatism and the degree of support for the capitalist system. Such outcomes are typically explained by the suggestion that most poor people believe they will become rich one day. In a representative sample of low-income Americans, we observed that less than one-fourth were optimistic about their economic prospects. Those respondents who believed that they would become rich one day were no more likely to endorse the legitimacy of the system and no more supportive of conservative ideology or the Republican Party, compared to those who did not believe they would become rich. From a system justification perspective, we propose that people are motivated to defend the social systems on which they depend, and this confers a psychological advantage to conservative ideology. Providing ideological support for the status quo serves epistemic motives to reduce uncertainty, existential motives to reduce threat, and relational motives to share reality with members of mainstream society. We summarize evidence from the United States, Argentina, Lebanon, and other countries bearing on these propositions—including a survey administered shortly before the 2016 U.S. Presidential election—and discuss political implications of system justification motivation.Fil: Jost, John T.. University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Langer, Melanie. University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Badaan, Vivienne. University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Azevedo, Flávio. Universitat Zu Köln; AlemaniaFil: Etchezahar, Edgardo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; ArgentinaFil: Ungaretti, Joaquín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; ArgentinaFil: Hennes, Erin P.. Purdue University; Estados Unido

Insistir es resistir: Estudiantes, dispositivos pedagógicos y pobreza urbana en las sociedades de gerenciamiento

En este artículo nos centraremos en las particularidades que presentan los dispositivos pedagógicos en contextos de extrema pobreza urbana atendiendo a prácticas de resistencia de estudiantes. Más específicamente, a través de resultados de investigación empírica, se proponen elementos para la comprensión y problematización de las dinámicas que presentan los procesos del habitar la escuela secundaria por parte de los estudiantes. Se sostendrá que esas prácticas de los estudiantes en contextos de pobreza urbana son producciones sociales que ponen en tensión las imágenes de desesperanza que suelen recaer sobre ellos, son prácticas de sujetos que se posicionan con deseos, sueños y expectativas que funcionan como fisuras a las líneas sedimentadas que todo dispositivo supone (Deleuze, 1992). Así, frente a las condiciones de vida de estos jóvenes y de estas escuelas, los estudiantes dicen “acá estoy, quiero entrar, préstenme atención”; en suma, producen acontecimientos que no sólo refutan los supuestos de nihilismo, sino también hienden políticamente discursos y tecnologías de poder. En este artículo se pondrá en discusión cómo los sujetos frente a lo que una época muestra como intolerable –los contextos de pobreza urbana–, producen prácticas en donde hay esperanza de vida, defensa de sus derechos y discusión de lo establecido, que involucran, también, la creación de estrategias de supervivencia desde y en los dispositivos pedagógicos.In this article we focus on the particularities presented by educational devices in contexts of extreme urban poverty attending student practices of resistance. More specifically, through empirical research results we propose elements for understanding and questioning of the particularities of inhabiting school by students. It is a question, then, of trying to grasp these practices by heeding how they are assembled in current pedagogical apparatuses. Practices of resistance, in this case on the part of students in contexts of urban poverty, are social productions that strain the notion of abject fear and the images of desperation often attributed to those students. They position themselves as subjects with desires, dreams and hopes that, we propose, act as fissures in the lines of sedimentation that any apparatuses entails (Deleuze, 1992). Thus, before living conditions of these young people and schools, the students say “I am here, I want in, listen to me.” That is, through humor and irony, they produce incidents that not only refute the idea that students don’t care about a thing but also politically fracture discourses and technologies of power. Here we will discuss how students produce practices where there is hope for life, defense of rights and debate over the status quo. This, in turn, involves the creation of strategies for survival and persistence from and in pedagogical apparatuses.Fil: Grinberg, Silvia Mariela. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios en Pedagogías Contemporáneas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; ArgentinaFil: Langer, Eduardo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios en Pedagogías Contemporáneas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Scheme Independence at First Order Phase Transitions and the Renormalisation Group

We analyse approximate solutions to an exact renormalisation group equation with particular emphasis on their dependence on the regularisation scheme, which is kept arbitrary. Physical quantities related to the coarse-grained potential of scalar QED display universal behaviour for strongly first-order phase transitions. Only subleading corrections depend on the regularisation scheme and are suppressed by a sufficiently large UV scale. We calculate the relevant coarse-graining scale and give a condition for the applicability of Langer's theory of bubble nucleation.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, 4 figures included (needs epsfig.sty), two equations added, typo correcte

Skin permeabilization for transdermal drug delivery: recent advances and future prospects

Introduction: Transdermal delivery has potential advantages over other routes of administration. It could reduce first-pass metabolism associated with oral delivery and is less painful than injections. However, the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), limits passive diffusion to small lipophilic molecules. Therefore, methods are needed to safely permeabilize the SC so that ionic and larger molecules may be delivered transdermally. Areas covered: This review focuses on low-frequency sonophoresis, microneedles, electroporation and iontophoresis, and combinations of these methods to permeabilize the SC. The mechanisms of enhancements and developments in the last 5 years are discussed. Potentially high-impact applications, including protein delivery, vaccination and sensing are presented. Finally, commercial interest and clinical trials are discussed. Expert opinion: Not all permeabilization methods are appropriate for all applications. Focused studies into applications utilizing the advantages of each method are needed. The total dose and kinetics of delivery must be considered. Vaccination is one application where permeabilization methods could make an impact. Protein delivery and analyte sensing are also areas of potential impact, although the amount of material that can be delivered (or extracted) is of critical importance. Additional work on the miniaturization of these technologies will help to increase commercial interest.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant EB-00351