Development of an Instrument to Evaluate the Intake of Liquids, Food and Supplements in Endurance Competitions: Nutritional Intake Questionnaire for Endurance Competitions—NIQEC

Background: In the last few years endurance sports have experienced a great increase in the number of competitions and participants. Dietary-nutritional planning is key for performing well during such competitions. To date, there is no questionnaire expressly developed to be able to analyze the consumption of liquids, foods, and supplements, as well as gastrointestinal problems in these events. This study describes the development of the Nutritional Intake Questionnaire for Endurance Competitions (NIQEC). Methods: The study was composed in the following phases: (1) Bibliographic search for the most important nutrients, (2) focus groups (17 dietitian-nutritionists and 15 experienced athletes) and generation of items, (3) Delphi surveys, and (4) cognitive interviews. Results: After an initial shaping of the questionnaire with the items that emerged in the focus groups, their relevance was evaluated by means of the Delphi survey, which showed more than 80% approval for most items. Finally, the cognitive interviews indicated that the questionnaire was simple and complete for its purpose. The final NIQEC (n = 50 items) was divided in 5 sections: Demographic data; sports data; consumption of liquids, food and supplements before, during, and after the competition; gastrointestinal complaints, and dietary-nutritional planning for the competition. Conclusions: The NICEQ is a useful tool that allows collecting information from participants on sociodemographic factors and gastrointestinal complaints, and estimating the intake of liquid, food, and supplements, for endurance competitions

Asociación entre horas de televisión, actividad física, horas de sueño y exceso de peso en población adulta joven

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación de las horas de televisión, la actividad física autorreferida y las horas de sueño con el exceso de peso corporal o el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en población universitaria. Métodos: Se han analizado de forma transversal los datos basales de 1135 participantes de 17 a 35 años de edad del proyecto «Dieta, antropometría y salud en población universitaria». Se recogió información sobre las horas de televisión y de sueño, la actividad física, el peso y la talla autorreferidos, y otras variables de interés. Se calculó el IMC (kg/m2) y se definió el exceso de peso (IMC ≥25). Se usó regresión logística múltiple para analizar la asociación entre las variables de interés y el exceso de peso (no/sí), y regresión lineal múltiple para el IMC. Resultados: La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue de 13,7% (11,2% sobrepeso y 2,5% obesidad). Se encontró una asociación significativa entre el exceso de peso y más horas de televisión. Tomando como referencia a los que veían televisión ≤1 h al día, los que la veían >2 h al día (categoría superior) presentaron una odds ratio de 2,13 (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,37-3,36; p tendencia: 0,002). Una menor actividad física autorreferida se asoció a un mayor riesgo de exceso de peso, aunque la asociación sólo resultó significativa en el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple (p = 0,037). No se encontró asociación entre el exceso de peso y las horas de sueño. Conclusiones: Más horas de televisión y una menor actividad física se asociaron significativamente con un aumento del IMC en la población universitaria estudiada. Ambos factores pueden modificarse con estrategias preventivas

Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4-5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study

Trans fatty acid (TFA) intake has been identified as a health hazard in adults, but data on preschool children are scarce. We analyzed the data from the Spanish INMA Project to determine the intake of total, industrial and natural TFA, their main sources and the associated socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in children aged 4-5 (n = 1793). TFA intake was estimated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, and multiple linear regression was used to explore associated factors. The mean daily intakes of total, industrial and natural TFA were 1.36, 0.60, and 0.71 g/day, respectively. Ten percent of the children obtained >1% of their energy intake from TFA. The main sources of industrial TFA were fast food, white bread and processed baked goods. Milk, red and processed meat and processed baked goods were the main sources of natural TFA. Having parents from countries other than Spain was significantly associated with higher natural TFA (in mg/day) intake (beta 45.5) and television viewing was significantly associated with higher industrial TFA intake (beta 18.3). Higher fruits and vegetables intake was significantly associated with lower intakes of all TFAs, whereas higher sweetened beverages intake was significantly associated with lower total and natural TFA intake. Thus, total and industrial TFA intake was associated with less healthy food patterns and lifestyles in Spanish preschool children.Trans fatty acid (TFA) intake has been identified as a health hazard in adults, but data on preschool children are scarce. We analyzed the data from the Spanish INMA Project to determine the intake of total, industrial and natural TFA, their main sources and the associated socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in children aged 4–5 (n = 1793). TFA intake was estimated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, and multiple linear regression was used to explore associated factors. The mean daily intakes of total, industrial and natural TFA were 1.36, 0.60, and 0.71 g/day, respectively. Ten percent of the children obtained >1% of their energy intake from TFA. The main sources of industrial TFA were fast food, white bread and processed baked goods. Milk, red and processed meat and processed baked goods were the main sources of natural TFA. Having parents from countries other than Spain was significantly associated with higher natural TFA (in mg/day) intake (β 45.5) and television viewing was significantly associated with higher industrial TFA intake (β 18.3). Higher fruits and vegetables intake was significantly associated with lower intakes of all TFAs, whereas higher sweetened beverages intake was significantly associated with lower total and natural TFA intake. Thus, total and industrial TFA intake was associated with less healthy food patterns and lifestyles in Spanish preschool children