The symmetric Radon-Nikod\'ym property for tensor norms

We introduce the symmetric-Radon-Nikod\'ym property (sRN property) for finitely generated s-tensor norms $\beta$ of order $n$ and prove a Lewis type theorem for s-tensor norms with this property. As a consequence, if $\beta$ is a projective s-tensor norm with the sRN property, then for every Asplund space $E$, the canonical map $\widetilde{\otimes}_{\beta}^{n,s} E' \to \Big(\widetilde{\otimes}_{\beta'}^{n,s} E \Big)'$ is a metric surjection. This can be rephrased as the isometric isomorphism $\mathcal{Q}^{min}(E) = \mathcal{Q}(E)$ for certain polynomial ideal \Q. We also relate the sRN property of an s-tensor norm with the Asplund or Radon-Nikod\'{y}m properties of different tensor products. Similar results for full tensor products are also given. As an application, results concerning the ideal of $n$-homogeneous extendible polynomials are obtained, as well as a new proof of the well known isometric isomorphism between nuclear and integral polynomials on Asplund spaces.Comment: 17 page

Geometry of integral polynomials, MM-ideals and unique norm preserving extensions

We use the Aron-Berner extension to prove that the set of extreme points of the unit ball of the space of integral polynomials over a real Banach space $X$ is $\{\pm \phi^k: \phi \in X^*, \| \phi\|=1\}$. With this description we show that, for real Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$, if $X$ is a non trivial $M$-ideal in $Y$, then $\hat\bigotimes^{k,s}_{\epsilon_{k,s}} X$ (the $k$-th symmetric tensor product of $X$ endowed with the injective symmetric tensor norm) is \emph{never} an $M$-ideal in $\hat\bigotimes^{k,s}_{\epsilon_{k,s}} Y$. This result marks up a difference with the behavior of non-symmetric tensors since, when $X$ is an $M$-ideal in $Y$, it is known that $\hat\bigotimes^k_{\epsilon_k} X$ (the $k$-th tensor product of $X$ endowed with the injective tensor norm) is an $M$-ideal in $\hat\bigotimes^k_{\epsilon_k} Y$. Nevertheless, if $X$ is Asplund, we prove that every integral $k$-homogeneous polynomial in $X$ has a unique extension to $Y$ that preserves the integral norm. We explicitly describe this extension. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions (related with the continuity of the Aron-Berner extension morphism) for a fixed $k$-homogeneous polynomial $P$ belonging to a maximal polynomial ideal \Q(^kX) to have a unique norm preserving extension to \Q(^kX^{**}). To this end, we study the relationship between the bidual of the symmetric tensor product of a Banach space and the symmetric tensor product of its bidual and show (in the presence of the BAP) that both spaces have `the same local structure'. Other applications to the metric and isomorphic theory of symmetric tensor products and polynomial ideals are also given.Comment: 25 page

An Investigation of the Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Oral Valacyclovir in Immunocompromised Children

Valacyclovir was administered to 28 immunocompromised children (ages 5-12 years) to obtain preliminary pharmacokinetic and safety information. Patients were randomized to valacyclovir regimens of 250 mg (9.4-13.3 mg/kg) or 500 mg (13.9-27.0 mg/kg) twice daily or 500 mg (13.2-21.7 mg/kg) 3 times a day. Acyclovir pharmacokinetics were evaluated at steady state. Valacyclovir was rapidly absorbed and converted to acyclovir. Mean (±SD) acyclovir peak concentrations from 250 mg and 500 mg valacyclovir were 4.11±1.41 and 5.19±1.96 μg/mL, respectively. Corresponding single dose area-under-curve values were 12.14±6.60 and 14.49±4.69h×μg/mL. By using historical data for intravenous acyclovir as reference, the overall estimate of acyclovir bioavailability from valacyclovir was 48%, 2- to 4-fold greater than for oral acyclovir. In general, adverse events were not attributable to valacyclovir and were consistent with disease-related expectations and concomitant therapies. Dosage options for using valacyclovir in children are discusse

The role of water fittings in intensive care rooms as reservoirs for the colonization of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

International audienceOBJECTIVE: To assess the role of the water environment in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of patients in intensive care units in the absence of a recognized outbreak. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, single-centre study over an 8-week period in two adult ICUs at a university hospital. Environmental samples were taken from the water fittings of rooms once per week, during a 8-week period. Patients were screened weekly for P. aeruginosa carriage. Environmental and humans isolates were genotyped by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: P. aeruginosa was detected in 193 (86.2%) of the 224 U-bend samples and 10 of the 224 samples taken from the tap (4.5%). Seventeen of the 123 patients admitted were colonized with P. aeruginosa. Only one of the 14 patients we were able to evaluate was colonized by a clone present in the water environment of his room before the patient's first positive sample was obtained. CONCLUSION: The role of the water environment in the acquisition of P. aeruginosa by intensive care patients remains unclear, but water fittings seem to play a smaller role in non-epidemic situations than expected by many operational hospital hygiene teams

Neighborhood deprivation and biomarkers of health in Britain: The mediating role of the physical environment

Background: Neighborhood deprivation has been consistently linked to poor individual health outcomes; however, studies exploring the mechanisms involved in this association are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate whether objective measures of the physical environment mediate the association between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and biomarkers of health in Britain. Methods: We linked individual-level biomarker data from Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Survey (2010-2012) to neighborhood-level data from different governmental sources. Our outcome variables were forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%; n=16,347), systolic blood pressure (SBP; n=16,846), body mass index (BMI; n=19,417), and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP; n=11,825). Our measure of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was the Carstairs index, and the neighborhood-level mediators were levels of air pollutants (sulphur dioxide [SO2], particulate matter [PM10], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], and carbon monoxide [CO]), green space, and proximity to waste and industrial facilities. We fitted a multilevel mediation model following a multilevel structural equation framework in MPlus v7.4, adjusting for age, gender, and income. Results: Residents of poor neighborhoods and those exposed to higher pollution and less green space had worse health outcomes. However, only SO2exposure significantly and partially mediated the association between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and SBP, BMI, and CRP. Conclusion: Reducing air pollution exposure and increasing access to green space may improve population health but may not decrease health inequalities in Britain

Les résistances à la vaccination

La vaccination est l’objet de controverses malgré son efficacité et bien que la très grande majorité de la population et des professionnels de santé y soit favorable. Il existe en fait des résistances sélectives vis-à-vis de vaccinations contre l’hépatite B, la grippe, le BCG, la coqueluche et la rougeole, qui ont fait l’objet de controverses. Ces dernières, nées avec la vaccination, peuvent avoir diverses origines : effets secondaires réels, plus souvent coïncidence temporelle entre la vaccination et le déclenchement d’une maladie qui apparaît habituellement à l’âge où l’on vaccine. Cette coïncidence peut être anticipée et sa gestion doit être améliorée par une optimisation des systèmes de pharmacovigilance et de la communication à ce propos. Les controverses peuvent aussi être déclenchées par des études scientifiques aisément publiées même lorsqu’elles sont entachées de biais, ou parfois par l’interprétation tendancieuse des interventions des autorités de santé, ou encore par les décisions de justice, difficilement compréhensibles pour le public. Tous ces éléments jettent le doute dans les esprits et ne font que conforter les opposants, d’autant que l’exclusion d’un risque est difficilement démontrable sur le plan scientifique. L’expérience montre qu’il est difficile de sortir d’une polémique. L’amélioration de la communication, à la fois vis-à-vis des professionnels et du grand public est essentielle : elle passe par l’utilisation adéquate des médias mais aussi par l’intervention des professionnels de terrain vaccinateurs, à condition qu’ils soient compétents, convaincus et motivés

La vaccination contre la varicelle

Deux vaccins contre la varicelle préparés à partir d'une souche virale atténuée, la souche Oka, sont désormais disponibles en France. Le vaccin permet une séroconversion dans près de 100 % des cas, avec une dose chez le nourrisson et l'enfant, après deux doses chez l'adolescent et l'adulte. L'efficacité est surtout établie par l'expérience américaine, où une vaccination universelle des nourrissons d'âge supérieur à 12 mois et un rattrapage des sujets réceptifs ont été introduits depuis 1995. L'incidence de la varicelle a diminué d'environ 85 % et porte sur toutes les tranches d'âge. La tolérance du vaccin est bonne, les effets adverses, outre la fièvre et les réactions locales, étant surtout représentés par les éruptions varicelliformes. La France a adopté pour l'instant une attitude restrictive vis-à-vis du vaccin en raison de la persistance d'incertitudes : durée de protection, décalage de l'âge de la maladie et augmentation potentielle de l'incidence du zona

Vaccination contre l’hépatite B

Les vaccins contre le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) sont disponibles depuis 1981 en France. Au premier vaccin, d’origine plasmatique, ont rapidement succédé les vaccins recombinants, produits par génie génétique, seuls autorisés aujourd’hui. L’efficacité de ces vaccins est bien démontrée, mais les polémiques les concernant en France ont contribué à ce que la couverture vaccinale soit encore insuffisante. Cette revue fait le point sur divers aspects de la vaccination anti-VHB, et propose des recommandations. Elle résume les travaux d’un groupe de travail impliquant praticiens et associations sur le sujet

Les Infections osseuses de l'enfant en Nouvelle-Calédonie (atteintes atypiques : diagnostic et prise en charge : étude rétrospective sur 5 ans)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

LE TROTTEUR (UN ACCESSOIRE DE PUERICULTURE POTENTIELLEMENT DANGEREUX ... REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE ET ETUDE RETROSPECTIVE SUR L'USAGE DU TROTTEUR DANS LA VILLE DE LYON AUPRES DE 500 MAMANS AYANT UN ENFANT AGE DE 11 A 25 MOIS REALISEE ENTRE MARS ET AOUT 2000)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF