555 research outputs found
Effects of non-universal large scales on conditional structure functions in turbulence
We report measurements of conditional Eulerian and Lagrangian structure
functions in order to assess the effects of non-universal properties of the
large scales on the small scales in turbulence. We study a 1m 1m
1.5m flow between oscillating grids which produces
while containing regions of nearly homogeneous and highly inhomogeneous
turbulence. Large data sets of three-dimensional tracer particle velocities
have been collected using stereoscopic high speed cameras with real-time image
compression technology. Eulerian and Lagrangian structure functions are
measured in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous regions of the flow. We
condition the structure functions on the instantaneous large scale velocity or
on the grid phase. At all scales, the structure functions depend strongly on
the large scale velocity, but are independent of the grid phase. We see clear
signatures of inhomogeneity near the oscillating grids, but even in the
homogeneous region in the center we see a surprisingly strong dependence on the
large scale velocity that remains at all scales. Previous work has shown that
similar correlations extend to very high Reynolds numbers. Comprehensive
measurements of these effects in a laboratory flow provide a powerful tool for
assessing the effects of shear, inhomogeneity and intermittency of the large
scales on the small scales in turbulence
Spin relaxation and anticrossing in quantum dots: Rashba versus Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling
The spin-orbit splitting of the electron levels in a two-dimensional quantum
dot in a perpendicular magnetic field is studied. It is shown that at the point
of an accidental degeneracy of the two lowest levels above the ground state the
Rashba spin-orbit coupling leads to a level anticrossing and to mixing of
spin-up and spin-down states, whereas there is no mixing of these levels due to
the Dresselhaus term. We calculate the relaxation and decoherence times of the
three lowest levels due to phonons. We find that the spin relaxation rate as a
function of a magnetic field exhibits a cusp-like structure for Rashba but not
for Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur
Measuring deliberate reflection in residents: validation and psychometric properties of a measurement tool
PURPOSE: Reflective capacity is the ability to understand critical analysis of knowledge and experience to achieve deeper meaning. In medicine, there is little provision for post-graduate medical education to teach deliberate reflection. The feasibility, scoring characteristics, reliability, validation, and adaptability of a modified previously validated instrument was examined for its usefulness assessing reflective capacity in residents as a step toward developing interventions for improvement.
METHODS: Third-year residents and fellows from four anesthesia training programs were administered a slightly modified version of the Reflection Evaluation for Learners\u27 Enhanced Competencies Tool (REFLECT) in a prospective, observational study at the end of the 2019 academic year. Six written vignettes of imperfect anesthesia situations were created. Subjects recorded their perspectives on two randomly assigned vignettes. Responses were scored using a 5-element rubric; average scores were analyzed for psychometric properties. An independent self-report assessment method, the Cognitive Behavior Survey: Residency Level (rCBS) was used to examine construct validity. Internal consistency (ICR, Cronbach\u27s alpha) and interrater reliability (weighted kappa) were examined. Pearson correlations were used between the two measures of reflective capacity.
RESULTS: 46/136 invited subjects completed 2/6 randomly assigned vignettes. Interrater agreement was high (kâ=â0.85). The overall average REFLECT score was 1.8 (1-4 scale) with good distribution across the range of scores. ICR for both the REFLECT score (mean 1.8, sd 0.5; αâ=â0.92) and the reflection scale of the rCBS (mean 4.5, sd 1.1; αâ=â0.94) were excellent. There was a significant correlation between REFLECT score and the rCBS reflection scale (râ=â.44, pâ\u3câ0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates feasibility, reliability, and sufficiently robust psychometric properties of a modified REFLECT rubric to assess graduate medical trainees\u27 reflective capacity and established construct/convergent validity to an independent measure. The instrument has the potential to assess the effectiveness of interventions intended to improve reflective capacity
Quantum Adiabatic Markovian Master Equations
We develop from first principles Markovian master equations suited for
studying the time evolution of a system evolving adiabatically while coupled
weakly to a thermal bath. We derive two sets of equations in the adiabatic
limit, one using the rotating wave (secular) approximation that results in a
master equation in Lindblad form, the other without the rotating wave
approximation but not in Lindblad form. The two equations make markedly
different predictions depending on whether or not the Lamb shift is included.
Our analysis keeps track of the various time- and energy-scales associated with
the various approximations we make, and thus allows for a systematic inclusion
of higher order corrections, in particular beyond the adiabatic limit. We use
our formalism to study the evolution of an Ising spin chain in a transverse
field and coupled to a thermal bosonic bath, for which we identify four
distinct evolution phases. While we do not expect this to be a generic feature,
in one of these phases dissipation acts to increase the fidelity of the system
state relative to the adiabatic ground state.Comment: 31 pages, 9 figures. v2: Generalized Markov approximation bound.
Included a section on thermal equilibration. v3: Added text that appears in
NJP version. Generalized Lindblad ME to include degenerate subspaces. v3.
Corrections made to Appendix E and F. We thank Kabuki Takada and Hidetoshi
Nishimori for pointing out the errors. v4: Corrected a typo in Eqt. B
Velocity correlations in dense granular gases
We report the statistical properties of spherical steel particles rolling on
an inclined surface being driven by an oscillating wall. Strong dissipation
occurs due to collisions between the particles and rolling and can be tuned by
changing the number density. The velocities of the particles are observed to be
correlated over large distances comparable to the system size. The distribution
of velocities deviates strongly from a Gaussian. The degree of the deviation,
as measured by the kurtosis of the distribution, is observed to be as much as
four times the value corresponding to a Gaussian, signaling a significant
breakdown of the assumption of negligible velocity correlations in a granular
system.Comment: 4 pages, 4 Figure
MANEJO DO TOMBAMENTO EM PEPINO PELA ADIĂĂO AO SOLO DE CAMA DE AVIĂRIO E CASCA DE PINUS.
Phytophthora capsici damping-off and fruit rot of cucurbits is a serious proble m on rainy warm summer seasons at the highlands of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of chicken manure and pine bark as soil amendments on cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. âCaipiraâ) damping-off. The experiments were conducted under greenhouse (CAV/UDESC, Lages/SC) conditions in a completely randomized block design with seven to eight replications. The doses of chicken manure used were 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 g/kg of soil (6 kg/m2), and the doses of pine bark were 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/kg of soil. Chicken manure at the dose of 60 g/kg significantly decreased damping-off of cucumber and significantly increased: (a) the total population of bacteria 60 days after soil amendment; (b) the amounts of N, P, and K in soil 120 days after soil amendment; (c) the soil pH at 30 and 120 days after soil amendment; (d) the number of healthy plants 30 days after sowing; and (d) the fresh plant weight 30 days after sowing. Pine bark increased significantly: (a) the bacterial population 30 days after soil amendment in the soil; (b) the population of Trichoderma spp. in the soil 60 days after soil amendment; and (c) the soil pH 30 days after soil amendment. On the second cucumber planting, only chicken manure at the dose of 60 g/kg reduced the amount of damping-off.O tombamento e a podridĂŁo de frutos em cucurbitĂĄceas causados por Phytophthora capsici Ă© um sĂ©rio problema, principalmente em verĂ”es quentes e chuvosos. O presente estudo visou avaliar o efeito da cama de aviĂĄrio e da casca de pinus como resĂduos orgĂąnicos aplicados ao solo no tombamento em pepino (Cucumis sativus). Os experimentos foram delineados em blocos ao acaso e foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação utilizando-se a cv. âCaipiraâ. Testou-se 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 g de cama de aviĂĄrio / kg de solo (6 kg/m2) e 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, e 50 g de casca de pinus / kg de solo. Cama de aviĂĄrio na dose de 60 g/kg de solo reduziu o tombamento de plĂąntulas de pepino e aumentou significativamente: (a) a comunidade bacteriana total do solo aos 60 dias apĂłs a mistura; (b) os teores de nitrogĂȘnio, fĂłsforo e potĂĄssio no solo aos 120 dias apĂłs a mistura; (c) o pH do solo aos 30 e 120 dias apĂłs a mistura; (d) a massa verde de plantas aos 30 dias apĂłs a semeadura; e (e) o nĂșmero de plantas sadias aos 30 dias apĂłs a semeadura. A adição de casca de pinus na dose de 40-50 g/kg aumentou significativamente: (a) a população de bactĂ©rias do solo aos 30 dias apĂłs a incorporação de casca de pinus; (b) a população de Trichoderma spp. no solo aos 60 dias apĂłs a incorporação; e (c) o pH do solo aos 30 dias apĂłs a incorporação. Cama de aviĂĄrio reduziu a incidĂȘncia do tombamento em pepino, no segundo plantio, apenas na dose de 60 g/kg de solo
Spin Tunneling and Phonon-assisted Relaxation in Mn12-acetate
We present a comprehensive theory of the magnetization relaxation in a
Mn12-acetate crystal in the high-temperature regime (T>1 K), which is based on
phonon-assisted spin tunneling induced by quartic magnetic anisotropy and weak
transverse magnetic fields. The overall relaxation rate as function of the
longitudinal magnetic field is calculated and shown to agree well with
experimental data including all resonance peaks measured so far. The Lorentzian
shape of the resonances, which we obtain via a generalized master equation that
includes spin tunneling, is also in good agreement with recent data. We derive
a general formula for the tunnel splitting energy of these resonances. We show
that fourth-order diagonal terms in the Hamiltonian lead to satellite peaks. A
derivation of the effective linewidth of a resonance peak is given and shown to
agree well with experimental data. In addition, previously unknown spin-phonon
coupling constants are calculated explicitly. The values obtained for these
constants and for the sound velocity are also in good agreement with recent
data. We show that the spin relaxation in Mn12-acetate takes place via several
transition paths of comparable weight. These transition paths are expressed in
terms of intermediate relaxation times, which are calculated and which can be
tested experimentally.Comment: 18 pages, 22 EPS figures, REVTe
Finite Temperature Transitions in Lattice QCD with Wilson Quarks --- Chiral Transitions and the Influence of the Strange Quark ---
The nature of finite temperature transitions in lattice QCD with Wilson
quarks is studied near the chiral limit for the cases of 2, 3, and 6 flavors of
degenerate quarks (, 3, and 6) and also for the case of massless up and
down quarks and a light strange quark (). Our simulations mainly
performed on lattices with the temporal direction extension indicate
that the finite temperature transition in the chiral limit (chiral transition)
is continuous for , while it is of first order for and 6. We
find that the transition is of first order for the case of massless up and down
quarks and the physical strange quark where we obtain a value of
consistent with the physical value. We also discuss the phase
structure at zero temperature as well as that at finite temperatures.Comment: uuencoded compressed tar file, 70 pages, 32 figure
Accuracy of five algorithms to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis.
Algorithms to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness) are often complex due to the unsatisfactory sensitivity and/or specificity of available tests, and typically include a screening (serological), confirmation (parasitological) and staging component. There is insufficient evidence on the relative accuracy of these algorithms. This paper presents estimates of the accuracy of five algorithms used by past MĂ©decins Sans FrontiĂšres programmes in the Republic of Congo, Southern Sudan and Uganda
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