FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CEFUROXIME AXETIL SOL GEL FOR PERIODONTITS

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulate thermoreversible sol gel of cefuroxime axetil using Pluronic F127 and Pluronic F108. Cefuroxime axetil is a broad spectrum, second generation antibiotic used to treat various infectious diseases. Thermoreversible sol gels are shear thinning systems which show temperature dependent gelation. Once injected, the gel covers every nook and corner of the periodontal pocket thus filling it completely and is retained in the pocket. Methods: Gels were prepared by cold technique varying the polymer concentration. Results: The FTIR results revealed the compatibility between the drug and polymers. Drug content prior and after gelation was found to be in the range 98.8-99.8% and 98.2-99.6% respectively. The pH was in range of 6.9-7.1. The viscosity of the formulations at 250±10C and 370±10C was in the range of 530-705 cps and 1000-2100 cps respectively. The results obtained were in agreement with the phase transition. All the formulations were syringeable through 20 gauge needle. The in vitro drug release revealed a sustained profile over a period of 7 days and was found to be highest for formulation F3 i.e. 97.83%. The in vitro antimicrobial study showed promising activity of F3 against clinical isolates of P.gingivalis, E.faecalis and S.mutans. Short term stability study indicated that 40±10C is appropriate storage condition for the formulations. Conclusion: The results indicated that the formulated sol gel can definitely be used for once a week treatment for periodontiti

FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES: A NOVEL TARGETED APPROACH FOR ONCOLOGY CARE

Popular cancer therapies face extreme disadvantages, including multimedicament tolerance and non-target impact. These issues will lead to poorer patient conformity and poor levels of survival. Successful medical therapies for cancer patients are desperately required. Nano-particulate structures with a pluronic base represent revolutionary platforms for anti-cancer agent provision. These structures provide great potential for the advancement of cancer therapy due to their pharmacological properties and sufficient physicochemical characteristics. This review aims to offer a more detailed description of the pluronic drug delivery mechani sms that are currently available and explains pluronic as a medicinal polymer. Hydrophobic payload formulations and updated, targeted distribution mechanisms are explained based on pluronic formulations. This analysis offers a rundown of the current situation art related to the theranostic application of polymer micelles targeting the microenvironment of cancer cells. Some guidelines for the future scope and possible opportunities are also been addressed. Search criteria: Primary sources such as Medline a principal component of PubMed, an online, searchable, and biomedical and life science research literature database has been used. It brings readers to almost any area of interest with research and journal articles. One of the internet resources of importance to get scientific publications is specialized scientific search engines known as Google Scholar a database of research material that can be searched for. I have used the online electronic access portal of Elsevier, such as Science Direct to its publications. Scopus is the biggest abstract and peer-reviewed literature database for scientific journals, books, and conference work. Keywords like Cancer, Pluronic, Nanoparticles, Chemotherapy, Cancer, Theranostic, Targeted, Micelles, and Core-shell are crucial as they notify search engines of the content of the site. Range of years: 1992-2020

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF MELOXICAM LOADED EMULGEL FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION

Objective: The aim of the research work is to formulate emulgel of Meloxicam for topical application.Methods: The method used for preparation of microemulsion was water titration method with Oleic acid as oil phase, Tween 20 as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-surfactant and its concentrations were fixed based on Pseudoternary phase diagrams. The optimized emulsion formulation was incorporated into the gel matrix that is Carbopol981 NF and Carbopol 974 P NF.Results: The prepared emulsions were characterized for globule size, drug content, zeta potential and the emulgel for physical appearance, drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and in vitro drug release studies. The optimized emulsion formulations E1 and F1 showed globule size of 176 nm and 128 nm respectively and the emulgel formulation M2F1 with 1.5% Carbopol 981 and optimized F1 emulsion formulation showed in vitro drug release of 89.934% at the end of 8 h. The optimized formulation showed no skin irritation when compared with standard irritant 0.8% of Formalin. The optimized formulation showed better anti-inflammatory effect when compared with marketed formulation.Conclusion: Meloxicam was proven to be a suitable candidate for formulating emulgel for topical delivery to achieve better patient compliance.Â

Break Bone Disease: A Brief Review

Dengue haemorrhagic fever, Break bone fever. ABSTRACT Classical Dengue or -break-bone fever‖ has been known in India for a very long time. It is an acute viral infection, by at least 4 serotypes (DEN1, 2, 3 and 4) of dengue virus. Of all the arthropod-borne viral diseases, dengue fever is the most common. Dengue fever is one of the most important emerging diseases of the tropical and subtropical regions, affecting urban and periurban areas. Dengue fever can occur epidemically or endemically. Epidemics may be explosive and often start during the rainy season when the breeding of the vector mosquitoes (e.g., Aedes aegypti) is generally abundant. The geographical distribution of the disease has greatly expanded and the number of cases has increased dramatically in the past 30years. A pandemic in 1998, in which 1.2 million cases of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever were reported from 56countries, was unprecedented. Preliminary data for 2001 indicates a situation of comparable magnitude. However, only a small proportion of cases were reported to WHO; it is estimated that each year 50 million infections occur, with 5,00,000 cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever and at least 1200 deaths, manly among children, although fatalities could be twice as high. The increase of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever is due to uncontrolled population growth and urbanization without appropriate water management. The global spread of dengue via travel and trade has made every country to be aware about this threat. This article details the dengue fever with its fatal form in order to reduce the morbidity by the help of various prevention programmes

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF METOCLOPRAMIDE RAPIDLY DISINTEGRATING TABLETS

Metoclopramide an effective antiemetic; acting on the CTZ, blocks apomorphine induced vomiting. Rapidly disintegrating tablets of metoclopramide hydrochloride were prepared by mass extrusion technique using three different superdisintegrants Sodium Starch Glycolate, Avicel Ph 102, L-HPC. Pre-compression parameters and post-compression parameters were evaluated for all the nine formulations. Angle of repose and % compressibility showed good flowability in all the formulations. Weight variation was found within limits and drug content of all the formulations was found in the range of 9.700 mg - 9.925 mg in each tablet. The hardness of all the formulations was almost uniform and possessed good mechanical strength with sufficient hardness. The wetting time in all the formulation was fast. Formulations F3 containing sodium starch glycolate 10% & F6 containing Avicel ph 102 10% tablets disintegrated rapidly to release the drug. In vitro release studies revealed that 96% of drug releases from SSG, MCC (90%), and L-HPC (85%) for all the formulations were within 15 min. Based on above results, three formulations F3, F6, F9 were selected for stability studies these formulations showed not much variation in any parameter even after the period of 30 days, formulations F3, F6, F9 are found to be stable and retained their original properties. Thus, it may be concluded that formulation containing sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants is fulfilling all the parameters satisfactorily. It showed excellent in vitro disintegration, in vitro dispersion time, compared to other superdisintegrants. And the rapidly disintegrating tablets can be prepared by mass extrusion technique Â

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Community Health Worker Administered Behavioral Activation Intervention for Postpartum Depression: A Single Arm Pilot Study From India

INTRODUCTION: Women in India experience high rates of postpartum depression (PPD), with minimal availability of screening or treatment. India has an extensive network of community health workers, known as accredited social health activists (ASHAs). While they are knowledgeable about most maternal-child health problems, they have minimal knowledge about PPD. We trained ASHAs to deliver a simple home-based intervention, behavioral activation (BA), which involves individuals in activities that are sources of positive reinforcement to counter depression. The research questions guiding this study were as follows: 1) What are the feasibility and acceptability of ASHAs screening for and delivering a brief behavioral activation intervention addressing PPD among women in Belagavi, South India? 2) What impact did the brief behavioral activation intervention have on PPD? METHODS: The mixed methods evaluation used interviews with participants and interventionists, and depression scores were assessed before and after the evaluation. After a 2-day training with 17 ASHAs that focused on understanding PPD, screening using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and implementing the BA protocol, ASHAs and researcher supervisors screened the mothers 6-12 weeks postpartum presenting at pediatric immunization clinics. Mothers who screened positive were invited to participate in an ASHA-led 5-week BA intervention, with ASHAs visiting the mothers\u27 homes. We assessed post-intervention EPDS scores and conducted satisfaction assessments and individual interviews. RESULTS: All 26 women who screened positive on the EPDS agreed to be enrolled in the study. All participants had a significant reduction (p \u3c 0.001) in PPD scores. Both ASHAs and mothers had high enthusiasm for the intervention methods and activities. DISCUSSION: This ASHA-delivered BA intervention was found to be feasible, acceptable, and effective in treating PPD in rural Indian mothers. This corroborates literature that demonstrates the efficacy of a BA intervention among individuals with generalized depression in South Asia. In communities with minimal mental health resources, interventions led by trained community workers have the potential to address PPD

Biodegradable microparticulate drug delivery system of diltiazem HCl

The efficacy of a drug in a specific application requires the maintenance of appropriate drug blood level concentration during a prolonged period of time. Controlled release delivery is available for many routes of administration and offers many advantages (as microparticles and nanoparticles) over immediate release delivery. These advantages include reduced dosing frequency, better therapeutic control, fewer side effects, and, consequently, these dosage forms are well accepted by patients. Advances in polymer material science, particle engineering design, manufacture, and nanotechnology have led the way to the introduction of several marketed controlled release products and several more are in pre-clinical and clinical development. The objective of this work is to prepare and evaluate diltiazem HCl loaded albumin microparticles using a factorial design. Albumin (natural polymer) microparticles were prepared by emulsion heat-stabilization method. Selected formulations were characterized for their entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, and release behavior. Analysis of variance for entrapment efficiency indicates that entrapment efficiency is best fitted to a response surface linear model. Surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of the microparticles revealed a spherical, nonporous and uniform appearance, with a smooth surface. The geometric mean diameter of the microparticles was found to be 2-9 µm, which more than 75% were below 3.5 µm and drug incorporation efficiency of 59.74 to 72.48% (w/w). In vitro release profile for formulations containing diltiazem HCl loaded BSA microparticles with heat stabilization technique shows slow controlled the release of the drug up to 24 hours. The release pattern was biphasic, characterized by an initial burst effect followed by a slow release. All selected microparticles exhibited a prolonged release for almost 24 hours. On comparing regression-coefficient (r²) values for Hixson Crowel, Higuchi and Peppas kinetic models, different batches of microparticles showed Fickian, non-Fickian, and diffusion kinetics. The release mechanism was regulated by D:P ratio. From the statistical analysis it was observed that as the drug:polymer (D:P) ratio increased, there was a significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency. Based on the particle size, entrapment efficiency and physical appearance, DTM-3 formulations were selected for in vivo release study and stability study. The in vivo result of drug loaded microparticles showed preferential drug targeting to liver followed by lungs, kidneys and spleen. Stability studies showed that maximum drug content and closest in vitro release to initial data were found in the formulation stored at 4 ºC. In present study, diltiazem HCl loaded BSA microparticles were prepared and targeted to various organs to satisfactory level and were found to be stable at 4 ºC.A eficácia terapêutica de um fármaco depende da manutenção de seu nível plasmático adequado em determinado intervalo de tempo. Nesse sentido, a liberação modificada de fármacos está disponível em muitas vias de administração e oferece muitas vantagens (como micropartículas e nanopartículas) quando comparada às formulações de liberação imediata. Essas vantagens incluem reduzida frequência da dosagem, melhor controle terapêutico e menos efeitos colaterais. Assim sendo, esses produtos apresentam maior aceitação pelos pacientes. Os avanços na ciência dos materiais, na engenharia das partículas, em manufatura e em nanotecnologia permitiram a introdução no mercado de vários produtos de liberação modificada e vários outros se encontram em desenvolvimento pré-clínico e clínico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi preparar e avaliar o fármaco cloridrato de diltiazem associado a micropartículas de albumina utilizando planejamento fatorial. As micropartículas de albumina, um polímero natural, foram preparadas por método de emulsão empregando estabilização por calor. As formulações selecionadas foram caracterizadas no que se refere à sua eficiência de encapsulamento, tamanho médio de partículas, morfologia de superfície e perfil de liberação do fármaco. A análise de variância relativa à eficiência de encapsulamento indicou superfície de resposta linear. Com referência à morfologia superficial, essa foi avaliada empregando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Essa análise revelou micropartículas esféricas, não porosas e de aparência uniforme, com superfície lisa. O diâmetro médio das micropartículas foi entre 2 e 9 µm, sendo que mais de 75% das micropartículas se apresentaram abaixo de 3,5 µm. Além disso, a eficiência de encapsulamento foi entre 59,74 e 72,48%. Quanto ao ensaio para avaliação do perfil de liberação in vitro do fármaco associado às micropartículas, as formulações apresentaram liberação lenta até 24 horas. O comportamento foi caracterizado por liberação inicial (efeito burst) seguida por liberação lenta. Todas as fórmulas selecionadas apresentaram liberação prolongada por aproximadamente 24 horas. Na comparação entre os valores de coeficientes de regressão (R²), os modelos propostos por Hixson Crowel, Higuchi e Peppas, para diferentes formulações de micropartículas, demonstraram cinética de liberação de acordo com modelo Fickiano e não-Fickiano. O mecanismo de liberação do fármaco foi regulado pela razão entre o fármaco e o polímero. A análise estatística revelou significativo aumento da eficiência de encapsulamento quando essa razão aumentou. As avaliações relativas à análise dimensional das micropartículas, à eficiência de encapsulamento do fármaco e à morfologia permitiram a seleção da formulação DTM-3 para os ensaios de liberação in vivo e para o estudo da estabilidade. O ensaio de liberação in vivo do fármaco associado às micropartículas demonstrou sítio-alvo preferencial no fígado, seguido pelos pulmões rins e baço. No presente estudo, as micropartículas de albumina contendo cloridrato de diltiazem foram adequadamente preparadas e orientadas satisfatoriamente para vários órgãos. Além disso, a formulação selecionada apresentou estabilidade físico-química a 4 ºC