5 research outputs found

    ModĂ©lisation et optimisation d’un rĂ©seau de transport de gaz

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    Durant ces 40 derniĂšres annĂ©es, le gaz naturel a vu son utilisation augmenter jusqu’à constituer aujourd’hui la troisiĂšme ressource Ă©nergĂ©tique mondiale. Il est alors devenu nĂ©cessaire de l’acheminer sur des distances de plus en plus longues entre les lieux d’extraction et de consommation. Ce transport peut s’effectuer Ă  l’état liquide par des mĂ©thaniers ou Ă  l’état gazeux par le biais des rĂ©seaux de transport de gaz naturel composĂ©s de canalisations de grandes dimensions, tant en diamĂštre qu’en longueur. Cette thĂšse porte sur la modĂ©lisation et l’optimisation de la configuration des rĂ©seaux de transport de gaz naturel et sur l’application au cas du rĂ©seau principal de transport français qui prĂ©sente plusieurs particularitĂ©s. En effet, il s’agit d’un rĂ©seau de grandes dimensions, fortement maillĂ© pour lequel plusieurs sources d’approvisionnement sont possibles pour desservir divers points de consommation. Il possĂšde en outre, des stations d’interconnexion entre les canalisations. GRTgaz en est le gestionnaire. Ce travail concerne l’étude de la faisabilitĂ© de configurer le rĂ©seau de transport pour un scĂ©nario d’approvisionnement et de consommation. Le coeur de cette thĂšse porte sur le dĂ©veloppement d’un modĂšle de rĂ©seau de transport de gaz et sur la dĂ©termination des flux et des configurations des stations d’interconnexion dans ce rĂ©seau Ă  l’aide d’outils d’optimisation. L’une des innovations est la description et la modĂ©lisation des stations d’interconnexion, carrefours incontournables du rĂ©seau. Deux modĂšles sont ainsi proposĂ©s, faisant intervenir une formulation d’une part mixte non linĂ©aire en nombres entiers et d’autre part, non linĂ©aire continue. Leur efficacitĂ© en fonction de diffĂ©rents solveurs d’optimisation est ensuite discutĂ©e. Le choix de la meilleure formulation du problĂšme de transport de gaz naturel a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© sur un ensemble de rĂ©seaux fictifs, mais reprĂ©sentatifs du rĂ©seau français. La meilleure stratĂ©gie, basĂ©e sur l’utilisation combinĂ©e d’une ormulation non linĂ©aire continue, du choix de la pression comme variable et d’une initialisation par un sous-problĂšme a ensuite Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur des instances de taille rĂ©elle. Les difficultĂ©s du passage Ă  des instances rĂ©elles ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© rĂ©solues Ă  l’aide de deux amĂ©liorations: d’une part, la mise Ă  l’échelle des variables a permis de mieux conditionner le problĂšme, puis d’autre part, une suite de relaxations a Ă©tĂ© employĂ©e afin de rĂ©soudre tous les cas rĂ©els. Les solutions sont finalement validĂ©es Ă  l’aide de solutions mĂ©tiers existantes. ABSTRACT : In the past 40 years, the use of natural gas has grown , so that it became the third most commonly used fuel Its use requires infrastructure for its transport over large distances between the places of extraction and consumption. This transport can be carried out by liquid methane or a gaseous state through networks of natural gas transmission pipelines that are large in both diameter and length. This thesis focuses on the optimization of natural gas transmission networks and the application to the case of the main french transmission one which presents several peculiarities. Indeed, it is a highly meshed network in which multiple sources of supply are available to feed various points of consumption. This network also owns stations of interconnection between pipelines. In this context, GRTgazis the system operator on the French territory. This work concerns the study of the feasibility of scenarios for supply and consumption. The core of this thesis is the development of a model of a gas transmission network and the determination of ows using optimization tools. One innovative aspect deals with the description and modeling of interconnection stations, that are the main hubs of the network. Two models are proposed, either based on a mixed integer non-linear formulation or on nonlinear continuous one. Their eciencyunder dierent optimization solvers are discussed. The choice of the best formulation of the problem of transportation of natural gas has been studied on a set of network ctitious, but enough representative of the french network. The best strategy, based on a continuous non-linear formulation, involving the choice of pressure as a variable as well as a sub-problem for initialization purpose was then applied to instances of actual size. The diculties of the transition to real cases were then solved using two improvements: rst, variable scale which provided a better condition the problem, then a series of relaxation have been used to solve all real cases. The solutions are nally validated using existing business applications

    Modelization and optimization of a gas transmission network

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    Durant ces 40 derniĂšres annĂ©es, le gaz naturel a vu son utilisation augmenter jusqu’à constituer aujourd’hui la troisiĂšme ressource Ă©nergĂ©tique mondiale. Il est alors devenu nĂ©cessaire de l’acheminer sur des distances de plus en plus longues entre les lieux d’extraction et de consommation. Ce transport peut s’effectuer Ă  l’état liquide par des mĂ©thaniers ou Ă  l’état gazeux par le biais des rĂ©seaux de transport de gaz naturel composĂ©s de canalisations de grandes dimensions, tant en diamĂštre qu’en longueur. Cette thĂšse porte sur la modĂ©lisation et l’optimisation de la configuration des rĂ©seaux de transport de gaz naturel et sur l’application au cas du rĂ©seau principal de transport français qui prĂ©sente plusieurs particularitĂ©s. En effet, il s’agit d’un rĂ©seau de grandes dimensions, fortement maillĂ© pour lequel plusieurs sources d’approvisionnement sont possibles pour desservir divers points de consommation. Il possĂšde en outre, des stations d’interconnexion entre les canalisations. GRTgaz en est le gestionnaire. Ce travail concerne l’étude de la faisabilitĂ© de configurer le rĂ©seau de transport pour un scĂ©nario d’approvisionnement et de consommation. Le coeur de cette thĂšse porte sur le dĂ©veloppement d’un modĂšle de rĂ©seau de transport de gaz et sur la dĂ©termination des flux et des configurations des stations d’interconnexion dans ce rĂ©seau Ă  l’aide d’outils d’optimisation. L’une des innovations est la description et la modĂ©lisation des stations d’interconnexion, carrefours incontournables du rĂ©seau. Deux modĂšles sont ainsi proposĂ©s, faisant intervenir une formulation d’une part mixte non linĂ©aire en nombres entiers et d’autre part, non linĂ©aire continue. Leur efficacitĂ© en fonction de diffĂ©rents solveurs d’optimisation est ensuite discutĂ©e. Le choix de la meilleure formulation du problĂšme de transport de gaz naturel a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© sur un ensemble de rĂ©seaux fictifs, mais reprĂ©sentatifs du rĂ©seau français. La meilleure stratĂ©gie, basĂ©e sur l’utilisation combinĂ©e d’une ormulation non linĂ©aire continue, du choix de la pression comme variable et d’une initialisation par un sous-problĂšme a ensuite Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur des instances de taille rĂ©elle. Les difficultĂ©s du passage Ă  des instances rĂ©elles ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© rĂ©solues Ă  l’aide de deux amĂ©liorations: d’une part, la mise Ă  l’échelle des variables a permis de mieux conditionner le problĂšme, puis d’autre part, une suite de relaxations a Ă©tĂ© employĂ©e afin de rĂ©soudre tous les cas rĂ©els. Les solutions sont finalement validĂ©es Ă  l’aide de solutions mĂ©tiers existantes.In the past 40 years, the use of natural gas has grown , so that it became the third most commonly used fuel Its use requires infrastructure for its transport over large distances between the places of extraction and consumption. This transport can be carried out by liquid methane or a gaseous state through networks of natural gas transmission pipelines that are large in both diameter and length. This thesis focuses on the optimization of natural gas transmission networks and the application to the case of the main french transmission one which presents several peculiarities. Indeed, it is a highly meshed network in which multiple sources of supply are available to feed various points of consumption. This network also owns stations of interconnection between pipelines. In this context, GRTgazis the system operator on the French territory. This work concerns the study of the feasibility of scenarios for supply and consumption. The core of this thesis is the development of a model of a gas transmission network and the determination of ows using optimization tools. One innovative aspect deals with the description and modeling of interconnection stations, that are the main hubs of the network. Two models are proposed, either based on a mixed integer non-linear formulation or on nonlinear continuous one. Their eciencyunder dierent optimization solvers are discussed. The choice of the best formulation of the problem of transportation of natural gas has been studied on a set of network ctitious, but enough representative of the french network. The best strategy, based on a continuous non-linear formulation, involving the choice of pressure as a variable as well as a sub-problem for initialization purpose was then applied to instances of actual size. The diculties of the transition to real cases were then solved using two improvements: rst, variable scale which provided a better condition the problem, then a series of relaxation have been used to solve all real cases. The solutions are nally validated using existing business applications

    Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries

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    Background: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 percent of patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 percent, and mortality rates were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 percent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle-compared with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)
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