Outcome measurement in functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify existing outcome measures for functional neurological disorder (FND), to inform the development of recommendations and to guide future research on FND outcomes. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to identify existing FND-specific outcome measures and the most common measurement domains and measures in previous treatment studies. Searches of Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO were conducted between January 1965 and June 2019. The findings were discussed during two international meetings of the FND-Core Outcome Measures group. RESULTS: Five FND-specific measures were identified-three clinician-rated and two patient-rated-but their measurement properties have not been rigorously evaluated. No single measure was identified for use across the range of FND symptoms in adults. Across randomised controlled trials (k=40) and observational treatment studies (k=40), outcome measures most often assessed core FND symptom change. Other domains measured commonly were additional physical and psychological symptoms, life impact (ie, quality of life, disability and general functioning) and health economics/cost-utility (eg, healthcare resource use and quality-adjusted life years). CONCLUSIONS: There are few well-validated FND-specific outcome measures. Thus, at present, we recommend that existing outcome measures, known to be reliable, valid and responsive in FND or closely related populations, are used to capture key outcome domains. Increased consistency in outcome measurement will facilitate comparison of treatment effects across FND symptom types and treatment modalities. Future work needs to more rigorously validate outcome measures used in this population

THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of great economic importance which reduce the quantity and the quality of the yields of many cultivated and wild plants everywhere (in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions). The objectives of the study were to investigate the changes in the Meloidogyne arenaria and its host Tiny Tim tomato plant under radiation influence The influence of various doses of γ-irradiation (90, 700 and 1800 mGy) on cv. Tiny Tim tomato plants and developing eggs sacs of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria were investigated. Ionizing radiations of tomato seeds by low dose (90 mGy) stimulate development of plants. High doses of γ-irradiation (700 and 1800 mGy) suppress development (height, root and shoot weight) of tomato plants. High irradiation doses (700 and 1800 mGy) retarded the growth of nematodes. Metric characteristics of M. arenaria females, mainly body size, were smaller. The highest experimental dose (1800 mGy) prevented the development of females of M. arenaria (J4) to mature forms. A change of female to male ratio under the influence of γ- ionizing radiation has been observed, resulting in a decrease in males. These results show aspects for future research into the application of γ-irradiation in management of root-knot nematode

ДЕЙСТВИЕ РАДИАЦИИ НА РОСТ И РАЗВИТИЕ КОРНЕВЫХ НЕМАТОД

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of great economic importance which reduce the quantity and the quality of the yields of many cultivated and wild plants everywhere (in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions). The objectives of the study were to investigate the changes in the Meloidogyne arenaria and its host Tiny Tim tomato plant under radiation influence The influence of various doses of γ-irradiation (90, 700 and 1800 mGy) on cv. Tiny Tim tomato plants and developing eggs sacs of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria were investigated. Ionizing radiations of tomato seeds by low dose (90 mGy) stimulate development of plants. High doses of γ-irradiation (700 and 1800 mGy) suppress development (height, root and shoot weight) of tomato plants. High irradiation doses (700 and 1800 mGy) retarded the growth of nematodes. Metric characteristics of M. arenaria females, mainly body size, were smaller. The highest experimental dose (1800 mGy) prevented the development of females of M. arenaria (J4) to mature forms. A change of female to male ratio under the influence of γ- ionizing radiation has been observed, resulting in a decrease in males. These results show aspects for future research into the application of γ-irradiation in management of root-knot nematodesКорневые нематоды (Meloidogyne spp.) являются основными представителями класса нематод, паразитирующих на растениях. Нематоды наносят большой экономический ущерб, который выражается в снижении продуктивности и ухудшении качества урожаев сельскохозяйственных культур и дикорастущих растений, произрастающих во всех климатических зонах (тропических, субтропических, а также в регионах с умеренным климатом). Цель настоящего исследования состоит в изучении изменений, происходящих в галловой нематоде Meloidogyne arenaria и ее хозяине – растении томатов Tiny Tim («Крошка Тим») под воздействием радиации. Было изучено влияние различных доз гамма-излучения – 90, 700 и 1800 мГр на коэффициент изменчивости растений томатов Tiny Tim и развитие яиц галловой нематоды M. arenaria. Ионизирующее излучение в малых дозах (90 мГр) стимулирует рост и развитие растений, в то время как высокие дозы гамма-излучения (700 и 1800 мГр) подавляют развитие томатов, замедляя скорость роста побегов и корней. Использование ионизирующей радиации в высоких дозах (700 и 1800 мГр) способствует замедлению роста нематод. По метрическим данным, в основном это сказывается на уменьшении размеров тела самки M. аrenaria. Применение самой высокой экспериментальной дозы излучения (1800 мГр) препятствовало переходу самок M. arenaria (J4) ко взрослой стадии. Наблюдались изменения численного соотношения самцов и самок под влиянием гамма-излучения, приводящие к снижению числа самцов. Данные результаты открывают перспективы для дальнейших исследований воздействия гамма-излучения на развитие корневой нематоды